No “peace on Earth” in 2015

Andre Damon

This holiday season, people all over the world will celebrate Christmas by expressing sentiments of tolerance and brotherhood. They will exchange gifts and cards, and try to smile a little more, in the distant hope that their individual benevolence might somehow extricate the world, at least somewhat, from the mire it is lodged in.

These genuine sentiments are, of course, goaded on by a good deal of official promotion. Anyone visiting a shopping mall or airport in much of the world over the holiday period will hear Christmas carols piped through loudspeakers extolling “peace on Earth, goodwill to men,” and exhorting them to have a “Merry Christmas.”

The holiday season is always a time where hypocrisy is pressed into service by the political establishment, a “Christmas spirit” created from the collision between religion and frantic merchandising. But there have been few holiday seasons so unhappy for so many people, and in which the spirit of tolerance and benevolence supposedly epitomized in the “Christmas spirit” clashes so obviously with reality.

Not since the end of the Second World War seventy years ago has the absence of “peace on Earth” been so stark, or “goodwill to men” so absent. Numerous public figures, from the Pope to the Prince of Jordan to The New York Times opinion page, have declared that the Third World War has already begun.

American warplanes and drones swarm the Middle East and North Africa, bombing, killing and maiming indiscriminately and driving millions from their homes. President Obama, according to press reports, will spend his holiday mulling over plans to further expand bombing in populated areas in Syria, which will radically expand civilian casualties.

Every major combatant in the first two world wars is again on the warpath. Germany and Japan, are feverishly remilitarizing to assert their influence on the European continent and in East Asia, respectively.

The millions of human beings displaced by war and poverty are greeted by states everywhere with barbed wire and guns. At least five million people were forced to flee from their homes this year, with one million seeking refuge in Europe, as a result of the wars in the Middle East stoked up by the Western powers.

These same powers, the self-styled bastions of tolerance and human rights, have responded to the flood of people desperately in need of aid by closing off their external borders and forcing hundreds of thousands to make their way over the Aegean Sea. Over 3,000 people have died this year seeking to cross into Europe by this route, while over 1,000 of these are children.

For an enormous section of mankind, this Christmas will not be “merry.” In fact, it is hard to imagine any Christmas in recent decades that will be so miserable for so many people.

For millions in the United States and around the world, it will be another year that they are denied by poverty the happiness of being able to afford holiday presents for their friends and loved ones.

Nowhere is this more true than in the center of world finance, the United States, where one in five US live in food-insecure households and millions of people will struggle to scrape together enough money for a holiday meal. For all the promotion of philanthropic “charity” by the media, one can scarcely imagine a more un-charitable society than contemporary America, dominated by a Dickensian level of cruelty to the poor.

In a suitable symbol of “Christmas in America,” a cafeteria worker in an Idaho middle school was fired last week for “theft” after she gave a hungry child a free meal. “My heart hurts,” she told a local news station. “I truly loved my job, and I can’t say that I wouldn’t do it again.”

All over the world, governments and the media are seeking to counter the sentiments of compassion by whipping up nationalism, xenophobia, communal hatred and paranoia. In the US, the leading Republican presidential candidate is an open bigot, declaring that Mexicans are rapists and calling for banning Muslims from entering the country. Donald Trump’s demagogy was expressed in action when a British Muslim family was prevented this month from boarding a plane to Disney World by the State Department, without any explanation.

In Germany, Angela Merkel, the supposed promoter of the “welcoming culture,” declares that “multiculturalism is a sham.” In France, the ruling Socialist Party, seeking to enshrine a permanent state of emergency into the constitution, is bent on obtaining the power to strip dual citizens of their nationality, a measure last used in France during the mass deportation of Jews under the Vichy Regime during the holocaust.

Anyone who has observed the world in 2015 must expect that 2016 will be a year of unprecedented violence and social misery. But the same processes driving the world to the brink of world war are those that must give rise to social struggle by the working class.

Unlike the professional liars and opinion-makers of the financial elite and its political representatives, the working masses of humanity take the ideals of universal peace and brotherhood seriously. They genuinely hope and strive for a better world, and will fight for it. In the coming period, millions will conclude that an independent political struggle by the working class, armed with a socialist perspective of overthrowing capitalism and reorganizing society on an internationalist basis, is the only means to achieve “peace on earth.”

Anti-Maoist Operations in Chhattisgarh: Successes and Claims of Successes

Bibhu Prasad Routray

Conforming to the speculations that New Delhi under the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government would adopt a hardline approach against left-wing extremism, a two month-long operation is underway in worst affected Chhattisgarh to dislodge the Communist Party of India-Maoist (CPI-Maoist) cadres from their strongholds in south Bastar's Bijapur and Sukma districts. A critical objective of the operations is to neutralise senior Maoist functionaries with the belief that if successful, the leaderless movement would collapse in quick time. This formula has been adopted in the past with questionable success.    

There are two notable features of the present operations. Firstly, there are enough indications that the current operation is driven by a strategy inked in Delhi. A visit by the National Security Adviser AK Doval and the Special Security advisor (internal security) K Vijay Kumar in the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) to Chhattisgarh in October 2015 started the initiative. Secondly, to an extent, the current operations are somewhat comparable to Operation Green Hunt in 2010, which had amassed a huge number of forces with the intention of bulldozing the extremist movement to nothingness. This time, the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) has deployed 11 battalions of its forces in Sukma and another eight battalions in Bijapur. As a result, nearly 25000 security force personnel including the state police forces are currently operating in the two districts.

According to the Chhattisgarh police, three new developments make the current operation different from the past. Firstly, there is an increase in the level of coordination between the central forces and the state police. Secondly, the coordination and exchange of intelligence with neighbouring states have improved. And lastly, the state police establishment has been able to effect an optimum utilisation of the District Reserve Guard (DRG) consisting predominantly of the Koya tribals. In June and July around 500 Chhattisgarh police mostly from Sukma and Dantewada districts underwent a 45-day counter-insurgency training course in Assam with an eye on the operations. This has allowed the police to carry out operations even during the lean monsoon season.

Among the major 'successes' claimed by the police is the killing of 10 Maoists, including five "commanders" in Sukma and Bijapur districts in November. In the first week of December, the police further claimed that 26 Maoists including seven hardcore cadres have surrendered in Sukma district. The CPI-Maoist, on the other hand, questioned the claims. With particular reference to the surrender of 26 Maoists, the outfit claimed that villagers unconnected to the outfit have been shown as surrendered by the police. Independent media investigations have supported the Maoist claim. At least three persons termed as Maoists by the police have been found to be petty criminals who had declared themselves as Maoists under police pressure. On most occasions, the intense conflict situation makes verifying such claims and counter-claims difficult. However, fake surrenders have precedence in the state.

Along with the 'successes', excesses and human rights violations by the security forces have also been reported. Large scale violence by a section among the two companies of security forces who carried out operations in five villages of Bijapur district between 19 and 24 October, included rape of a pregnant women and a teen; looting of money, livestock, and food items; ransacking of houses; and intimidation of the villagers. An investigation being conducted by the police department has not led to any arrest so far. The state's reputation of failing to prosecute similar culprits in the past has indeed reinforced a culture of impunity among the security forces in these remote regions.  

For analysts, the level of motivation among the Maoist cadres and future strategies of the outfit have mostly remained subjects of speculation. While the state for known reasons underlines a deep state of desperation among the Maoists leading to frequent desertions, a rare media interview of Papa Rao, a senior Maoist leader and one of the planners of the 2010 Chintalnar attack on the CRPF that had claimed the lives of 76 personnel, revealed a different picture. Papa Rao, while acknowledging the temporary state of weakness in the outfit, dismissed the possibility of a peace process with the government and underlined the commitment of the outfit to a protracted war against the state. "Violence will the forbearer of peace," he claimed.

In spite of the tall claims by the Chhattisgarh police, the prospect of a resoundingly successful operation remains doubtful. Structural and operational deficiencies within the police force persist. Little progress has been achieved in ground-level intelligence collection. The state's efforts to strike a chord with the tribals remain an unfinished project. The bureaucracy remains as aloof as it used to be and is still not an active player in the development projects. This probably compels the police establishment to fabricate its success stories. That, however, is not so much of a surprise. The real surprise is the persistent belief of New Delhi that security forces with low morale and under leaders of questionable ability will be able to root out a problem that needs a much more nuanced approach.

What Does Today’s “Rate Hike” Mean?

Paul Craig Roberts

The Federal Reserve raised the interbank borrowing rate today by one quarter of one percent or 25 basis points. Readers are asking, “what does that mean?”

It means that the Fed has had time to figure out that the effect of the small “rate hike” would essentially be zero. In other words, the small increase in the target rate from a range of 0 to 0.25% to 0.25 to 0.50% is insufficient to set off problems in the interest-rate derivatives market or to send stock and bond prices into decline.

Prior to today’s Fed announcement, the interbank borrowing rate was averaging 0.13% over the period since the beginning of Quantitative Easing. In other words, there has not been enough demand from banks for the available liquidity to push the rate up to the 0.25% limit. Similarly, after today’s announced “rate hike,” the rate might settle at 0.25%, the max of the previous rate and the bottom range of the new rate.

However, the fact of the matter is that the available liquidity exceeded demand in the old rate range. The purpose of raising interest rates is to choke off credit demand, but there was no need to choke off credit demand when the demand for credit was only sufficient to keep the average rate in the midpoint of the old range. This “rate hike” is a fraud. It is only for the idiots in the financial media who have been going on about a rate hike forever and the need for the Fed to protect its credibility by raising interest rates.

Look at it this way. The banking system as a whole does not need to borrow as it is sitting on $2.42 trillion in excess reserves. The negative impact of the “rate hike” affects only smaller banks that are lending to businesses and consumers. If these banks find themselves fully loaned up and in need of overnight reserves to meet their reserve requirements, they will need to borrow from a bank with excess reserves. Thus, the rate hike has the effect of making smaller banks pay higher interest expense to the mega-banks favored by the Federal Reserve.

A different way of putting it is that the “rate hike” favors banks sitting on excess reserves over banks who are lending to businesses and consumers in their community.

In other words, the rate hike just facilitates more looting by the One Percent.

Why The West Can Never Defeat or “Forgive” Russia

Andre Vltchek

Historically and intuitively, Russia has fought for the survival of humanity. Of course, things are not always pronounced or defined in such terms. However, already on several occasions, this enormous country has stood up against the most mighty and evil forces that have threatened the very survival of our Planet.

During the Second World War, the Soviet people, mainly Russians, sacrificed at least 25 million men, women and children, in the end defeating Nazism. No other country in modern history has undergone more.

Right after that victory, Russia, alongside China and later Cuba, embarked on the most awesome and noble project of all times: the systematic dismantling of Western colonialism. All over the world oppressed masses stood up against European and North American imperialist barbarity, and it was the Soviet Union that was ready to give them a beacon of hope, as well as substantial financial, ideological and military support.

As one oppressed and ruined nation after another was gaining independence, hatred against the Soviet Union and the Russian people was growing in virtually all the capitals of the Western world. After all, the looting of non-white continents was considered a natural right of the “civilized world”.

In the USA and Europe, such words as “colonialism” and “imperialism” were rapidly gaining extremely negative connotations, or at least on the surface. It would have been counter-productive to attack, to demonize the Soviet Union for supporting liberation struggles in all those continents. Instead, elaborate theories about the “Evil Empire” were erected.

Russia has always been “ in the way”; a colossal country spoiling the brutal plans of Washington, Berlin, London and Paris – plans to control and plunder the entire planet.

But the nobler were its deeds; the more insulting the attacks against it.

Russia always possessed tremendous capacity to mobilize itself, to throw all its resources at achieving one single, humanistic, and deeply moral goal. There has been something sacred in its struggles, something “higher”, and totally essential.

“Stand up, enormous country, stand up to a deadly fight!” This is how one of the greatest patriotic songs of the Second World War begins. When Russia fights, then all that matters is victory. No price is too high.

Fate selected Russia to struggle for the entire world. If you don’t believe in “fate”, you will never understand the “Russian soul”. It is not about religion – Russia is mainly anarchic and “atheist”. But it believes in and accepts fate.

Moreover, most of the time Russia has really no choice. It has been faced either with the victory or the end of humanity. And when the world and its survival have been threatened, Russia has always stood up: outraged, frightening but also extremely beautiful in its wrath and determination. It has fought with each pore, each speck of its land, and each heart of its people. It has almost always won, but at a horrific price, burying millions of its sons and daughters, stricken afterwards by indescribable sorrow and pain.

And there was never anyone standing by, to console it. As the fires were still raging, as tears were still covering the faces of mothers and wives who lost their loved ones, the country was spat at, ridiculed and humiliated by the Western Machiavellian regimes and their propaganda.

Its heroism was belittled, its sacrifice mocked. It was repeated that its millions who died for humankind, actually died in vain.

In return for its heroic struggles, Russia never asked for anything, except for two essential things: recognition and respect. It never received either!

*

Now once again, Russia stands up, launching its epic fight against ISIS; that horrendous parody in the Muslim religion – created and armed by the West and its vicious regional lackeys.

Russia had to act. Because if it didn’t, who would? After centuries of Western crusades and the most appalling colonialist practices, there is hardly anything left of the Middle East, this marvelous part of the world, which can only be described as one of the cradles of our civilization. Plundered and humiliated, the Middle East has been reduced to a pathetic mosaic of client states, serving the West. Tens of millions have been murdered. Everything has been plundered. Socialist and secular governments have been cornered and overthrown.

I have worked intensively in this part of the world, and I can testify that save Africa, there is no other area of the world that is so scarred and brutalized by Western greed and barbarism.

Hopeless, mortally injured and desperate, two ancient countries that have been lately suffering the most –Syria and Iraq – approached Russia, asking for its help.

And Russia agreed to help them.

Yes, of course, I can already hear that cacophony of noises coming from Europe and North America about: “Russian interests” and its “sphere of influence”. Because in the West, nothing is, and nothing can be, sacred. Because everything has to be tinted with dark sarcasm and nihilism… If the West is acting like a thug, then the rest of the world has to be portrayed in the same colors and shades. After all, the West does not have allies, it doesn’t have feelings; only interests. I did not invent this; I was told this, again and again, when I lived and worked in destroyed parts of Africa.

But I don’t give a damn what they say in Paris or Washington. What matters is what is said in Iraq, Syria and Lebanon. And I will tell you how it is there: if you go to a barber shop there, and you say that you are Russian, people get up, and they embrace you, and some cry!

*

Russia will never attack other countries, but if attacked, its wrath can be horrendous, especially when it is in the middle of fighting a war. “Whoever will come to us with a sword, from a sward they will perish,” proclaimed Alexander Nevsky, the 13th Century Prince of Novgorod.

The recent downing of a Russian bomber over Syria by Turkish Air Forces has increased the danger of a much wider regional war.

Turkey, a NATO member nation, is spreading terror all over the region: from Libya and Somalia, to Iraq, Syria and its own Kurdish territory. It is torturing people, murdering many including journalists, robbing millions of their natural resources, and spreading the most extremist, mainly Qatari-backed, jihadi teachings.

I met Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, many years ago in the early 1990s in Istanbul, when he was the then mayor of the city, and when I was “licking my wounds” in between my writing on how the West was systematically destroying Yugoslavia.

“Do you speak Turkish?” he asked me during one of our meetings.

“Not well”, I replied. “Just a little.”

“But you know perfectly well how to pronounce the name of our party! That shows how important we are.”

From our first meeting, I knew that he was a megalomaniac, a man full of inferiority complexes, and an aggressive scum. I had no idea he would ‘go so far’. He did. Because of him, millions are suffering, all over the region.

Now he has shot down a Russian bomber and invaded Iraq.

Turkey has fought Russia on several occasions, and almost always lost. Then, in between two world wars, it managed to survive only because of the help provided to it by the Soviet Union. Turkey should think twice about its next steps.

Russia does not just ‘fight wars’. Its fights for the survival of mankind are nothing short of an enormous work of art, of poetry or a symphony. It is hard to explain but it is so. Everything is intertwined.

To shoot the Russian SU-24 from behind is like shaking those 25 million who died during the Second World War. It is horrendous, as it is unwise. In Russia, this is not how things are done. You want to fight, then come out and fight, face to face.

But if you kill like a coward, and if you invade neighboring and already devastated countries, you may, one day, find yourself facing not just some SU-24’s, but a bunch of heavy strategic bombers.

*

Russia cannot be defeated. There are many reasons for it. One is pragmatic: it is a nuclear superpower. Another is, because it usually fights for just causes. And it does so with all its might and with its whole heart.

If it were not for Russia, there would be no Planet Earth, at least as we know it. The West and its fascist Christian states would be fully in control of the world. The “un-people”, the “non-whites” would be treated like animals (even worse than they are treated now): there would be no control left, and no boundaries to the theft and destruction.

The so-called “civilized world” (the one that builds its theatres and schools from the rivers of blood and corpses of others) would be marching, unopposed, towards absolute control over the Planet.

Fortunately, Russia exists. And it cannot be defeated. And it will never be defeated. However, it can also never be forgiven by the West, for standing on the side of the wretched of the earth.

Turkey escalates war drive against Kurds at home and across the region

Halil Celik

Some 10,000 Turkish military and police forces, supported by tanks and helicopters, are stepping up operations in the Kurdish provinces of Diyarbakir, Mardin and Sırnak, under the pretext of a “fight against terrorism” targeting the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK).

Turkey’s mainly Kurdish southeast has become the renewed conflict area between security forces and the PKK. The two-year “peace process” with the Kurds collapsed in late July under the impact of the escalating war in Syria. Since then, hundreds of people, including civilians, have been killed, as the prolonged armed conflict between the PKK and Turkish security forces turned into urban warfare.

Kurdish workers in the region are living under a repeatedly prolonged curfew and intensifying armed conflict. Due to renewed fighting between Turkish security forces and the PKK, some 200,000 people have been forced to leave their homes in recent few months, while some 1.3 million people are living under curfew in 17 districts. This is the largest Kurdish internal migration since the 1990s, when the Turkish army destroyed some 2,000 villages, supposedly for security reasons.

However, the government’s renewed military operations against the PKK have not been limited to Turkey. After the PKK killed two police officers on July 22, apparently in retaliation for the July 20 suicide bombing in Suruc, Turkish fighters have launched airstrikes against PKK forces both in Turkey and Iraq. Meanwhile, Ankara’s warmongering policy in Syria has acquired an ever more aggressive character since Russia actively intervened in the civil war in Syria.

Ankara’s renewed war against its own Kurdish population can only be understood as part of the bloodbath unleashed by the imperialist intervention to oust President Bashar al-Assad’s regime in Syria, and US and European imperialism’s drive to redivide the entire Middle East. This conflict, in which the Turkish government sought to secure its interests by serving as an accomplice of the major imperialist powers, has now exploded within Turkey itself.

Tensions escalated further when Turkish fighters shot down a Russian bomber along the Turkish-Syrian border on November 24 and Turkey deployed troops to the Bashiqa area of Iraq earlier this month without informing—let along getting approval from—Baghdad.

The deployment of additional Turkish troops to the base has further strained relations between Turkey and Iraq. Regarding the Turkish military presence on its soil as a violation of its sovereignty, Baghdad protested to the UN Security Council. As a result of the Iraqi government’s strong reaction, Ankara was forced to withdraw some of its heavily-armed troops, illegally stationed in the Bashiqa area, to another base inside Iraq’s Kurdistan region.

On Wednesday, however, the Islamic State fired rockets at a base in the Bashiqa area, where Turkish troops are stationed. Turkish authorities seized the opportunity to argue that the attack has justified its decision to send additional troops “to protect its personnel there”.

Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu did not hesitate to assert Ankara’s expansionist aims in the region. “The developments we are facing in Iraq and Syria are such that the security of our borders starts from beyond the borders,” he said.

Following successive diplomatic manoeuvres and defeats, the Turkish ruling class and the government in Ankara are now making aggressive new moves to get some crumbs from the ongoing imperialist carve-up of the Middle East. It dreams itself of partially reconstituting the Ottoman empire, dominating the northern parts of Iraq and Syria, where Kurdish and Turcoman people live.

The main accomplice of Ankara’s reactionary expansionist policies is the Iraqi Kurdish nationalist leadership of Massoud Barzani, who, for years, has received Turkish financial, military and political support. In return for close cooperation with Ankara in its fight against the PKK in Turkey, Iraq and Syria, his corrupt regime in northern Iraq enjoys Turkish support against both growing opposition in the Kurdistan Regional Government, and from the Iraqi central government in Baghdad.

Moreover, in Turkey, the Kurdish nationalist Peoples’ Democracy Party (HDP), known to be close to the PKK, though it is a legal party, has repeatedly offered olive branches to the government, even as the latter further intensifies its military campaign and destroys Kurdish towns.

Speaking on CNN-Türk TV channel on Wednesday, Altan Tan, a leading HDP member and deputy from Diyarbakir, said that it is vital for Ankara to embrace the Kurdish people not only in Turkey but also in Iraq and Syria. He insisted that the Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916, which defined current borders of the Middle East, has already been junked. Tacitly endorsing Ankara’s territorial ambitions, he called for a federal Turkish-Kurdish state, expanded into Syria and Iraq.

There are few prospects that Ankara would endorse a federal Turkish-Kurdish state amid the collapse of the “peace process”, but it is manifestly asserting its ever broader regional ambitions.

On Wednesday, Turkish Ambassador to Qatar Ahmet Demirok declared that Turkey would establish a military base in Qatar and station some 3,000 ground troops there. He told Reuters that it would be Turkey’s first overseas military installation in the Middle East. Qatar is also home to the largest US air base in the region, with around 10,000 military personnel.

Both Turkey and Qatar have provided support for the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and given financial, military and political support to the proxy forces fighting to overthrow the Syrian government of President Bashar al-Assad. They have also strongly condemned Russia’s intervention in Syria in support of the Assad regime.

Meanwhile, at an unexpected midnight press conference on Wednesday, Mohammed bin Salman, Saudi Arabia’s defence minister and deputy crown prince, announced the formation of an “Islamic military coalition”, supposedly to fight “any terrorist organisation, not just ISIS”. The Saudi-led organisation consists of 34 nations, including Turkey, which is a member of the NATO alliance.

The exclusion of Iran and its regional allies Syria and Iraq from the alliance underscores, however, that it has been established on a Sunni Islamic sectarian basis, as part of a broader imperialist strategy to push back and encircle Russia.

En route to Incirlik air base in Turkey on December 15, US Secretary of Defence Ashton Carter hailed the coalition as a greater involvement of Sunni Arab countries in the war against the Islamic State.

Stopping War, Terrorism, Global Warming Is So Much Bullshit

Jerome Irwin

Everyone in the world knows – from the richest man or woman down to the poorest – that the lip service currently being paid to try to: stop war; terrorism; global warming; end world hunger and poverty; resolve the refugee crisis; distribute the wealth between the developed and developing countries, or; equalize the disparity between the 1% Have’s & 99% Haven-Not’s; is so much unmitigated bullshit.

The current effort to quell war in the Middle East, stop the World War of Terror, end Global Warming or solve the Refugee Crisis is simply so many X pounds of Blivit in a Y pound bag! The French would call it Merde! The Germans – Sceisse! The Chinese – Shi pijuan! The Spanish – Caca! The Italians Poppa! The Indians – Poonami! The Russians – Bychit! Others might simply use slang words like: stink pickles, arse biscuits, bull babbage or horse pucky to describe all the endless forked-tongued, double-talk, nonsensical, ass-backwards, babble used in the world at every United Nation convention and every session of parliament, congressional hearing or international conference, like the recent COP21 climate negotiations in Paris, to address whatever crises – because they know, in reality, that the world remains up to its eyeballs in deep doo-doo because of the basic human condition and its proclivity for endlessly pursuing the seven deadly sins of pride, greed, wrath, lust, envy, gluttony and sloth. Polluters run all the climate negotiations. Armament Manufacturers run all the wars. Global financiers run all the economies. Everyone knows that!

Everyone knows that the best and perhaps only way to curb international warfare, wars of terror or domestic gun violence is for all countries to stop producing, selling and distributing all the accoutrements of warfare and military weaponry that go with it. But everyone knows, too, that will never happen so long as the entire world’s economy is primarily based upon the production, sale and distribution of such accoutrements of war. It is the very life blood that sustains whole ways of life. No country is immune or absolved no matter how lofty may be their pronouncements and expressed desires for peace. So it’s a continual one step forward three steps back; a matter of simply shifting the furniture in the room or playing musical chairs.

Everyone knows, too, that the simplest way to simultaneously resolve the world’s refugee crisis, mass Diaspora of peoples, terrorism, carbon emissions, global warming, world hunger and poverty is for the simple transfer of capital from the 1% in the Developed Countries to the other 99% in the developing world to help them skip the whole primitive evolutionary process of trying to become a developed country by going through the primitive fossil fuel cycle of development and acquisition of wealth. But, of course, everyone knows this will never happen.

Everyone further knows that to do this today – NOW – in 2016, all fossil fuels must stay in the ground where they are, and the world’s economy must resolutely choose the path of immediately shifting the trillions of dollars of governmental subsidies from the producers of fossil fuels to the research, technological development and production of sustainable, renewable resources. But everyone also knows that the seven deadly sins of the world’s corporations, their CEO’s, boards and investors will never allow this to happen.

So where does that leave us all? Everyone knows that, too!

Kashmir, The “Bleeding” Heart of Asia!

Mohammad Ashraf

Kashmir is truly the heart of Asia which has been “bleeding” for long. Unfortunately, the new process started in Turkey some years back completely ignores the historical fact!

The 5th Heart of Asia - Istanbul Ministerial Process Conference was held for two days in Islamabad, Pakistan from December 9, 2015. The conference was inaugurated jointly by the Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and the Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani. It was co-chaired jointly by Mr. Salah Uddin Rabbani, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Mr. Sartaj Aziz, Advisor to the Prime Minister of Pakistan on Foreign Affairs. The event was attended by high-ranking delegations from 14 participating states, 17 supporting countries, and 12 international and regional organizations. The foreign minister Sushma Swaraj led the Indian delegation. She said that she had come with a message to move forward. The focus of the conference was on Counter Terrorism, Counter Narcotics, Disaster Management, Education, Trade and Investment and Regional Infrastructure. As usual, Kashmir, the real Heart of Asia, considered by one and all as the Nuclear Flashpoint of Asia was nowhere in the picture! The maximum one could hear is that India and Pakistan have decided to resume their bi-lateral dialogue. However, there is no mention of Kashmir in the deliberations!

The regional initiative supported by certain western powers including USA owes its origin to Turkey. It was in November, 2011 in Istanbul that the initiative under the title of Heart of Asia-Istanbul Process was started to provide a platform to the countries in the Asian region to discuss regional issues relating to security, political, and economic issues so as to bring co-operation between Afghanistan and its neighbours. It was intended to be an initiative for regional co-operation among the Asian countries. Afghanistan has been a battle ground for proxy wars between the two leading super powers of the world. First the Russians came in and the Americans ensured their ignominious retreat from there which ultimately resulted in the break-up of the erstwhile Soviet Union. Americans had trained and armed the guerrillas which defeated the Russian forces. Later on these American trained warriors including the famous Osama bin Laden turned against the Americans. Americans came in with the multinational forces. However, they failed to totally subdue the Afghanis and had to leave. Their exit is still going on. The tussle about the area is because of its strategic location. It is a neighbour to the Central Asian Countries and Iran. The fires lit by Americans spread into the Middle East which is now in total turmoil.The Indian sub-continent seems to have lost the interest of Americans and they are trying to use it as a lever to control Afghanistan.

Kashmir had a similar situation in forties. Here again the two super powers indulged in proxy wars using India and Pakistan as their pawns. Those days there was direct confrontation between these super powers. The Anglo-Saxons had identified Kashmir as the most important strategic corridor to check the advance of the Russian Empire. It was because of this they had separated Gilgit and converted it into Gilgit Agency. Before partition an important meeting was held in Paris between George Marshal and Ernest Bevin in which the importance of keeping the Gilgit corridor under their control was discussed. They had felt that it would be better to keep Gilgit in Pakistani controlled area. After the breakup of Soviet Union they lost interest. However, now a new factor has come in. China is building a corridor to the warm waters of the Indian Ocean! US interest now is to contain China. Pakistan they are trying to use as a buffer for Afghanistan. India has now only economic value for them. A huge market for American products, both lethal and non-lethal.

Kashmir has been a real heart-ache for entire South Asia for last 68 years while as Afghanistan came into limelight as a trouble spot only in seventies. The real trouble started there after the Soviet intervention of 1979. The whole area was destroyed. There were indiscriminate killings. Millions of refugees came into Pakistan. Along with the refugees came violence and the young Taliban trained in Pakistan and infiltrated into Afghanistan to drive out Russians created people like Osama bin Laden who had volunteered for Jihad from Saudi Arabia and was trained by Americans. Ultimately, he paid them back in kind!
In contrast, Kashmiris as a nation have been suffering for last more than four centuries under external oppression. The last 25 years have been the worst. Almost a hundred thousand Kashmiris have been killed. There are over forty thousand widows, a hundred thousand orphans. Thousands of women have been raped and molested. Thousands of houses and other structures have been destroyed. Over 8,000 persons have disappeared without a trace. There cannot be a worst tragedy than this. Still the guardians of human rights led by the western powers do not consider Kashmir to be the real “bleeding” Heart of Asia! It seems the west is now totally sold to material considerations and has forgotten the finer qualities of life of which they were proud at one time. They need to understand that Kashmir is the real powder keg which can someday blow away entire Asia including the so called Heart of Asia, Afghanistan!

Blood, Tears And Humiliation: Young Girls’ Monthly Trauma

Akhileshwari Ramagoud

Whisper. Giggle. Conspiratorial silence. Words that made no sense. Sudden drying up of conversation when one intruded on the girls who were discussing it in the classroom during a break. She doesn’t know. She’s too young, they said of the intruder-classmate. This was a fraternity that we did not know it as a fraternity. This was a group that shared a secret that they were unwilling to share with the rest. This was a group that showed a sense of superiority because they were in the know of things. This was my introduction to the monthly visitation of plague-of-a-kind on girls and women. That was in Class 7, I think.

This small group of girls was older than others in the class, and hence, more ‘experienced’ than me who had not yet ‘matured’ or begun to have menstruation. Subsequently, we too would use code words, innovating as we went along to indicate that we were menstruating. As far as I remember, the word ‘menstruation’ was never mentioned among us girls even when in college and when we were more mature and certainly more rebellious than in school. But, some things are not meant to be rebelled against. We are so conditioned that some things are not acceptable in respectable company. Just as we never said ‘breasts’, just as we never said ‘penis,’ or ‘fuck’ in our mother-tongue, as they were unmentionables, a woman’s periods too were unmentionable.

Come to think about, even today I don’t know the word for periods in Telugu, my mother tongue. I never knew I didn’t know. The shame and stigma attached to menstruation was so much that code words were developed in our daily language to indicate that a girl had begun to menstruate. As far as I remember, when one began to menstruate, it was called to “to be outside”. If one had to inform sister or mom, one said, “I am outside” or “I have become outside”(I know it sounds funny in English). A few others referred to it as “touch”, that is ‘muttu’ and ‘antu’. It is very ironical considering the woman became untouchable once she began to bleed. Among some, the fact of menstruation was conveyed by saying ‘I have become ineligible’ or loosely translated, it meant ‘I am of no use.’ Yet others call periods as ‘month’. To indicate one had become pregnant , one said, she/I missed my month! I checked out Google and the Telugu equivalent of menstruation was given as ‘ritu kramam’ or ‘ritu shravam’ the monthly cycle, or the monthly flow.

Discovery of blood

Most girls confess to have experienced horror and terror when they discovered blood in their panty or a blood stain on their dress. They were scared to death and kept crying for the next few days till the flow lessened and stopped.They were not prepared or informed either by their mother or a female relative what to expect as they reached the age of puberty. A cousin who is a grandmother now, was traumatised when she began to bleed. She did not the have the courage or closeness with her mother to tell her what was happening. She was scared that she was being punished by God for some bad thing she had done. She was even more scared of her mother’s scolding for offending God. In those days of the traditional wear of lahenga-blouse for the pre-puberty girls they did not wear a panty which led to the blood flowing down her legs. She finally confessed to an older female cousin who helped her to protect herself and also informed her mother.

If the bleeding and the physical pain and cramps associated with it for most girls was a terrible experience, the washing of the bloodied cloth-pad was even more horrifying although one got used to it over time. Some women confessed that for the first few months their mother washed the dirty pads (imagine the plight of the mother). The more privileged girls from rich and upper caste families on the other hand, didn’t have to undergo this horror of washing; either their maids washed them or the pads were given to the dhobi who would collect dirty clothes from every household in the morning and return them in the evening after washing and drying them. Yet another problem was to find a place to dry these cloths after washing them. We had to dry them away from the mainstream, in some nook or dark corner where nobody would see our ‘dirty’ linen and shame us forever in our own eyes. In our large house, there were plenty of dark and dingy and dusty corners where we could secretly dry the washed menstrual pieces of cloth.

Menstruating women don’t belong to Mainstream

Menstruation was ‘dirty’ during which a woman turned undesirable and had to be banished away from the house and even sight of men. She was not allowed to enter the kitchen and puja room; not allowed to touch others and ‘pollute’ them. At the first discovery of the period, she had to have a head bath, to wash away the the pollution by menstruation. After this in some houses, she was partly acceptable. In several others, that were Brahiminised, she was rendered ‘untouchable’ for four to five days. A friend of mine, a mother of two school-going children, confessed to her ‘period’ troubles with her father-in-law. He didn’t want her to be in the same house as she when she was having her periods. Her mother-in-law put up with his quirks her entire life, going away to her mother’s house every month in a nearby village. This went on for most period of her married life. But since they moved into city and an apartment, he could not afford the luxury of not being in the presence of a ‘dirty’ woman or ‘seeing her face’. He wanted her to go to a relative’s house since going to her mother’s house was impractical as it required several hours of travel. And which relative will keep her in her ‘polluted’ state considering all were Brahmins and perhaps had similar views on menstruating women. Her mother-in-law came out in her support on this issue and today, he doesn’t insist on her leaving the home on ‘those’ days. A compromise has been reached: she stays out of the sight of her father-in-law for four days a month. She should make all kinds of sounds to indicate her presence and he scoots into his room to avoid seeing her in her ‘impure’ state.

Another Aspect of Menstruating Women

There’s another aspect to women being kept away from all household activity during ‘those days’. In our ancestral house, there was a room kept aside permanently for menstruating women since it was a big household and every few days one woman or the other would be ‘outside’. My mother told gave me an entirely different picture of those four days. This was after I was grown enough where ‘such things’ could be spoken between a mother and daughter. Those days when she got a break from the continuous household chores, was something of a holiday for her! She was very creative with her hands and it was during these days of ‘rest days’ that she could allow the full flow of her creativity. She worked with beads, making designs that were later framed by my father and hung on the walls. She embroidered table cloths and pillow covers. She crocheted. She dressed up porcelain dolls with dresses of beads.When she came across a table cloth much later in life, she recalled how she and her first born daughter (in a line of 11 children) had together embroidered designs on it, each working simultaneously on different ends of the table cloth. She loved her free time and break from the routine. So, perhaps there was a deeper and more women-friendly reason for the ‘exclusion’ of menstruating women. She was given the much needed rest on those painful days when moods alter and involves plenty of discomfort? She also got her share of holiday from the regular, backbreaking household work. But why make her ‘polluted’ and impure and despicable? Perhaps a deliberate twisting of a tradition to run down women and show her as inferior and weak by the patriarchal system?

The United States Drifts Towards Political Irresponsibility

John Avery

The recent Republican presidential debates were held in the gaudy and luxurious Venetian Casino in Los Vegas, a building whose billionaire Republican-backing owner Sheldon Adelson held a private meeting with fellow-billionaire Donald Trump before the debate.

http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article43743.htm

http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article43748.htm

http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/34059-how-many-children-could-you-kill-the-gop-debates-in-brief

http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/34057-the-media-is-ignoring-economic-justice-in-the-2016-election

http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/34066-democracy-is-being-dismantled-before-our-eyes-bob-herbert-on-sheldon-adelson-backed-gop-debate

http://www.commondreams.org/news/2015/12/16/observers-slam-cnn-aiding-and-abetting-hate-speech-gop-debate

http://www.commondreams.org/views/2015/12/16/republicans-principle-free-presidential-debate

In the two-hour hate-show that followed, the Republican candidates for the 2016 presidential nomination competed with each other over who could be the most avid in advocating war and racism. To worried observers, the scene was disturbingly reminiscent of the slide into fascism seen in Germany and Italy in the 1930's. At that time too, there were serious economic problems, and there was a desperate need for reassurance among populations.

Hitler and Mussolini appealed to the lower instincts of their electorates, especially to the primitive instinct of tribalism; and this is why these two hate-mongering politicians of the 1930's were genuinely popular, just as Donald Trump is today.

There are other parallels with the 1930's: The Nazis used the Reichstag fire as an excuse for attacks on civil rights, just as terrorism today is used as an excuse for suspending civil liberties.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_fire

The dominant role of corporations today also parallels their role in the rise of fascism in the 1930's. According to Benito Mussolini, “Fascism should more properly be called corporatism because it is the merger of state and corporate power”.

https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Talk:Benito_Mussolini

For those of us who feel affection for the United States, it is sad to see the country slide towards political irresponsibility and fascism. Even more importantly, just as in the 1930's, political irresponsibility led to an all-destroying world war, so today there is a great danger of a world war; and the threat today is far greater because of the terrible power of thermonuclear weapons.

But there are many very good people in the United States. We know this because of the great popularity of Bernie Sanders. It is time for them to speak out and act. We cannot have a situation where, as Yeats put it, “the best lack all conviction, while the worst are filled with passionate intensity.” We must prevent the rough beast of fascism from slouching towards Bethlehem to be born.

China Prepares for a Modern War

Asanga Abeyagoonasekera

"Under the leadership of the Communist Party, our military has gone from small to big, from weak to strong, from victory to victory. On this road, reform and innovation steps have never stopped."

President Xi Jinping

In 1919, Halford Mackinder wrote in Democratic Ideals and Reality that China would eventually guide the world by “building for a quarter of humanity a new civilization, neither quite Eastern nor quite Western.” Mackinder’s prediction so far has proven accurate, according to Robert D Kaplan, the geopolitical analyst.

President Jinping recently announced breakthrough military structural reforms to China’s military administrative structure and command. According to him, the current regional military commands will be adjusted and regrouped into new battle zone commands supervised by the Central Military Commission (CMC). The reform will establish a three-tier "CMC - battle zone commands - troops" command system and an administration system that will run from CMC through various services to the troops.

The reforms will enable China to win a modern war. Modernisation of the command structure of the world's largest armed force is significant and will impact the security apparatus of all of Asia. With rising global security threats, China as an emerging superpower is definitely on the right track by adopting structural military reform. China’s international standing and interest in security and development is seen as a priority with this reforms taking place. Jinping stated, "As the country progresses from a large country to a large and powerful one, defense and military development stands at a new and historic starting line.” In the next five years, China is expecting concrete results from these new reforms, and breakthroughs in the overhaul of the leadership and joint command system. This is a serious step to improve the military strength and capacity of China.

Against this backdrop, the third ASEAN-US conference was held with tough security measures in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, with 4,500 soldiers deployed on standby, on 21 November. The ongoing security threat from the Islamic State (IS) has escalated and over 30,000 foreign fighters from 100 countries have joined the terrorist group. Malaysian officials have arrested over 100 citizens suspected of links to the IS, from ordinary citizens, lecturers, civil servants, and even security forces. This is an emerging threat as Malaysia, Indonesia and Filipino affiliates of the IS could unite to form a Southeast Asian branch of the terror outfit. Some officials say it is only a matter of time before a major attack occurs.

It is also against this backdrop that President Obama has announced his government’s new strategic partnership with ASEAN. The US and ASEAN have elevated their partnership to a strategic relationship to support each other in five important areas: economic integration, maritime cooperation, transnational challenges including climate change, emerging leaders, and women’s opportunities. The action plan has been set from 2016 to 2020.

The statement directly refers to China re-affirming the importance of maintaining peace and stability, ensuring maritime security and safety, and freedom of navigation including in and over-flight above the South China Sea. Some scholars see this strategic partnership as an attempt to control and limit China’s role with ASEAN countries. The partnership does not mean that ASEAN members have now teamed up with the US against China. The preferred strategic option for most countries is balancing US and China and finding a way. The elevation of this partnership between ASEAN and the US should not be dismissed either.

To counter the ASEAN-US joint statement, China immediately launched a “five-pronged” proposal aimed to keep the South China Sea issue between China and ASEAN. With these developments, whether China has directly violated the key areas of the ASEAN-US statement when it comes to mutual respect for national sovereignty should be questioned.

In this context, the structural reform of the Chinese military in the next few years will affect the security of all of Asia, as China has already established its political and economic partnerships with many nations including Sri Lanka. This is the first indication that China is preparing for a modern war.

Weakening currency and economic slowdown in China

Peter Symonds

Amid a continuing weakening of the Chinese currency, the People’s Bank of China (PoBC) has signalled new moves that could accelerate the slide in the renminbi’s value and trigger a currency war among export-dependent countries in Asia and internationally.

Last Friday, as the renminbi hit its weakest level against the US dollar in more than four years, the PoBC announced that it intended to change the way in which the renminbi’s value is fixed. In the future, the renminbi will be measured against a basket of currencies, rather than the dollar, opening the door for further devaluation.

China is under pressure from a rising US dollar, compelling the PoBC to intervene to maintain the value of renminbi within its fixed band. This has led to a depletion of foreign currency reserves, which stood at $3.43 trillion in November, down 14 percent from the peak in June 2014. The renminbi is likely to come under greater pressure if the US Federal Reserve announces an expected rise in US interest rates later this week.

The downward slide in the renminbi’s value, which makes Chinese exports cheaper, threatens other Asian exporters, already being hit by the global economic slump, and heightens the danger of competitive devaluations. Societe Generale analyst Jason Daw warned on Thursday that “further renminbi depreciation risks a currency war, either directly by policymaker actions or indirectly by investors shorting Asian currencies.”

Commenting last week on the upcoming US Fed decision, UK Daily Telegraph business editor Ambrose Evans-Pritchard cautioned: “The greater risk for the world over coming months is that China stops trying to hold the line against devaluation and sends a wave of corrosive deflation through the world economy. Fear that China may join the world’s currency wars is what haunts the elite and funds in London.”

Evans-Pritchard warned that a large devaluation in the Chinese currency “would set off currency wars in Asia and beyond, replicating the 1998 crisis on a more dangerous level.” In the 1997–98 Asian financial crisis, China was generally praised for maintaining the renminbi’s value against the dollar and assisting in stabilising financial markets. Now China threatens to become a major source of instability.

Underlying the weakening currency is the slowdown of the Chinese economy, which was highlighted by figures released last week. Trade statistics showed further falls in US dollar terms, with an 8.7 percent drop in imports in November compared to a year earlier. Exports declined 6.8 percent year-on-year, steeper than the 5 percent fall in October.

China’s annual growth rate slowed to 6.9 percent in the September quarter, the weakest result since 2009 in the midst of the global financial crisis and below the 7 percent target set by the government. The Chinese leadership claims to be effecting a transition from an export-driven economy to one based on domestic consumption and services, as if this were a natural progression for all countries.

However, China’s rapid economic growth has been completely bound up with its integration into the world economy as the premier cheap labour platform. The regime responded to the 2008 global financial crisis, which led to a contraction in exports and the rapid loss of 20 million jobs, with a huge stimulus package that combined a flood of cheap credit with a massive infrastructure expansion.

The stimulus measures were based on the assumption that the world economy, and thus Chinese exports, would recover. Six years on, that premise has proven false. Moreover, the cheap credit only fuelled speculative bubbles in property and shares that have heightened economic uncertainty. Property prices are stagnant and shares on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets plunged earlier this year.

The slowdown in the property market, combined with the slump in manufacturing exports, is compounding productive overcapacities in basic industries such as steel. China is the world’s largest producer of steel, accounting for about a half the total production of 1.6 billion tonnes. UBS analysts cited in the Economist estimate that China this year will produce 441 million tonnes more than it can consume.

In an effort to stave off a wave of bankruptcies, the Chinese government is encouraging steel producers to export and last week cut export tariffs on pig iron and steel billet. For the year to November, China exported over 100 million tonnes—more than the total production of any other country in the world except Japan. However, Chinese steel exports not only fail to soak up overcapacity, but also threaten to provoke demands for protectionist measures from hard-pressed steel industries in other countries.

The Chinese government is fearful that a wave of bankruptcies in manufacturing will send unemployment soaring and result in widespread social unrest. Strike figures reported by the Hong Kong-based China Labour Bulletin, based largely on media reports, hit 301 in November, the highest level for the year. Most of the workers’ protests were in manufacturing and construction over unpaid wages and factory closures and mergers.

The government’s plans to “transition” to a service economy involve a further round of market restructuring and opening up of service sectors to foreign companies by breaking the current dominance of state-owned enterprises. Given the lucrative opportunities that could open up for foreign investors, it is not surprising that major global institutions like the International Monetary Fund and World Bank, along with financial commentators, champion the proposals.

However, the Financial Times noted last week that not everyone is convinced that services in China will seamlessly takeover from a stagnant manufacturing industry. John-Paul Smith, from the investment advisory firm Ecstrat, argued that the services sector was heavily interconnected to manufacturing. If manufacturing “hit the wall, the idea that consumer spending won’t take a big hit is absolutely fanciful in the extreme,” he said, warning that China had a good chance of experience “a sudden stop”—i.e., zero growth—in the next couple of years.

UK spy agency admits hacking phones and computers without warrants

Trevor Johnson

Evidence given in a hearing brought against the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), by Privacy International and seven international internet service providers has shed further light on its mass surveillance operations.

Privacy International is an international campaign group for private and unmonitored use of the Internet. The case is being heard at the Investigatory Powers Tribunal (IPT), which deals with complaints about the intelligence services and surveillance by government organisations. The four-day hearing in Central London is the result of American whistleblower Edward Snowden’s exposure of illegal and widespread abuse of power by both the US-based National Security Agency (NSA) and GCHQ.

Snowden revealed GCHQ’s use of computer network exploitation (CNE), also known as hacking, against whole sections of the population inside the UK and internationally. The programmes included ones with the following codenames: “Nosey Smurf, which involved implanting malware to activate the microphone on smartphones; Dreamy Smurf, which had the capability to switch on smartphones; Tracker Smurf, which had the capability to provide the location of a target’s smartphone with high precision; and Paranoid Smurf, which ensured all malware remained hidden.”

Snowden gave more details on these programs in a Panorama documentary aired on the BBC last October.

During the case, GCHQ admitted for the first time in court that it engages in computer hacking. Previously it had refused to confirm or deny whether it had such capabilities. In 2013, 20 percent of GCHQ intelligence reports were based on information from hacking, the tribunal heard. That proportion is likely to have increased since then, as the use of encryption has made it more difficult to listen in on communications.

Ben Jaffey, counsel for Privacy International, told the IPT, “GCHQ undertakes ‘persistent’ CNE operations where an implant ‘resides’ in a targeted computer for an extended period to transmit information or ‘non-persistent operations’ where an implant expires at the end of a user’s internet session.”

CNE is so effective that having a smartphone is like “carrying around a bug with you.”

The intelligence services are accused of using generalised “thematic” warrants that do not refer to named individuals or addresses but instead refer to whole categories of people or places. These are an “exorbitant” extension of normal powers, Jaffey told the tribunal. Under Section 5 of the Intelligence Services Act, safeguards are bypassed allowing the targeting of groups as loosely defined as “all mobile telephones” in Birmingham, the UK’s second largest city.

One instruction aimed at GCHQ staff states, “CNE involves gaining remote access to computers and networks and possibly modifying their software without the knowledge or consent of the owners and users with the aim of obtaining intelligence. ... CNE operations carry political risk. These risks are assessed by the relevant team—consult them at an early stage if you’re considering a CNE operation.”

Following a written response to the IPT by Ciaran Martin, director of cyber security at GCHQ, Privacy International concluded, “Previously secret documents, and witness statements produced by GCHQ now reveal and confirm:

“GCHQ confirmed that the Secretary of State does not individually sign off on most hacking operations abroad, but only when ‘additional sensitivity’ or ‘political risk’ are involved.

“Overseas hacking does not require authorisations to name or describe a particular piece of equipment, or an individual user of the equipment…”

The response also acknowledged that the monitoring agency does most of its surveillance work based on Section 5 (“class” or “thematic”) authorisations:

“GCHQ primarily operate under class authorisations and have very few specific section 7s [authorised targeting of named individuals].”

Lawyers representing GCHQ argued, “GCHQ and other intelligence agencies must develop innovative and agile technical capabilities to meet these serious national security challenges. Computer network exploitation is one such capability… CNE may, in some cases, be the only way to acquire intelligence coverage of a terrorist suspect or serious criminal in a foreign country.”

The reality is that, in virtually every terrorist-related incident from 9/11 to the latest attacks in Paris, far from being the work of unknown quantities that would require generalised surveillance to detect, the perpetrators have been well-known to the security services. In some cases, they were seen as potential recruits.

The other argument used in justification of the intrusive spying activities of GCHQ and MI5 is that that they are merely asking for their powers to be kept up to date with modern methods of communication.

This argument is fraudulent. The scale of state surveillance revealed by Snowden has no precedent. The British state now reserves the right to treat the mobile phones, computers and networks of its own citizens and those of other countries as its own property, to be interfered with, controlled and vetted—even when their owners are not accused of any crime. Whereas in previous centuries the state had to at least formally treat “every Englishman’s home as his castle” and not attempt to gain entry without a legal warrant, it now arrogates to itself the right to use all electronic devices as an extension of its own surveillance network.

The NSA and GCHQ have been engaged in large-scale and illegal surveillance of the world’s population for a number of years, while lying to anyone who tried to ascertain what they were doing.

While the IPT poses as a neutral arbiter, ensuring fairness for UK citizens in their treatment by the secret services and police, it is an essential part of the state machine it purports to be regulating. Since being set up in 2000, the IPT has upheld only 10 of the 1,468 complaints brought to its attention (0.68 percent).

Whether or not the IPT finds in favour of a complainant, it does not disclose whether he or she has been the subject of investigation by the security services or what methods of investigation were used.

When the IPT decides that a complaint should be upheld, this leads to little more than a rewording of legislation to ensure that operations can continue. The governments’ move to legislate what is dubbed the “ Snoopers’ Charter” is the most recent example of this. In response to Snowden’s exposures, the legislation brings many of the formerly illegal practices within the remit of the law without any accounting for who was responsible for the prior abuse of power and law-breaking.

In December the IPT ruled, in another case brought by Privacy International and others, that mass surveillance under GCHQ’s Tempora programme was legal.

Given this record and the ruling elite’s increasing reliance on authoritarian methods to prolong its existence, it is likely that the IPT will find against Privacy International and the other complainants and allow the mass surveillance and hacking by GCHQ to continue.