16 May 2017

FINCAD Women in Finance Scholarship for Postgraduate Studies 2017

Application Deadline: 30th June 2017
Offered Annually? Yes
Eligible Countries: All
To be taken at (University): Any university accredited by the national or international body approved for that purpose in the country where the university is situated.
About the Award: FINCAD established the annual FINCAD Women in Finance Scholarship to encourage and support outstanding women in the field of finance, particularly relating to the use of derivatives in capital markets and/or financial risk management, and give them an opportunity to cultivate their skills and knowledge.
Type: Masters/PhD Degree
Eligibility: 
  • The scholarship is open to women of any age and citizenship who are studying Finance in an accredited graduate-level program.
  • The scholarship will be awarded to a deserving applicant who is enrolled in a post-graduate program with an emphasis on finance, particularly relating to the use of derivatives in capital markets and/or financial risk management. If your field of study does not meet that description, DO NOT APPLY.
  • Applications and all supporting documents, except university transcripts must be in English.
Number of Awards: Not specified
Value of Program: The Scholarship is an award of US$10,000 to support graduate-level studies.
How to Apply: It is important to go through the application procedure and visit the Program Webpage (link below) before applying for this scholarship.
Award Provider: FINCAD
Important Notes: The winner will be notified on or before August 15, 2017

Cartier Women’s Initiative Awards for Women Entrepreneurs 2017 (USD100,000 to a winner from each region)

Application Deadline: 31st August, 2017 (Paris time)
Offered annually? Yes
Eligible Countries: Cartier reviews applications from Latin America, North America, Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East & North Africa, and the Asia-Pacific region. One from each region wins this award.
To be taken at (country): Singapore
About the Award: The Cartier Women’s Initiative Awards are an international business plan competition created in 2006 by Cartier, the Women’s Forum, McKinsey & Company and INSEAD business school to identify, support and encourage projects by women entrepreneurs. Previous laureates have included several whose work links to environment and related issues, e.g., product recycling, low-cost energy, water treatment, fair trade, and others.
The Cartier Women’s Initiative Awards aim to encourage inspirational women entrepreneurs worldwide to solve contemporary global challenges by:
• supporting and recognizing creative women who are making concrete contributions to finding solutions for the future of our planet,
• bringing these business solutions to the largest audience possible.
Since their inception in 2006, they have accompanied 162 promising female business-owners and recognized 58 Laureates.
all 2015 laureates on stage
Offered Since: 2006
Type: Entrepreneurship contest
Eligibility: The Cartier Women’s Initiative Award is looking for committed female entrepreneurs heading initiatives with the potential to grow significantly in the years to come. The selection of the finalists and laureates of the competition is done by an independent international Jury of entrepreneurs, investors, business executives and other profiles engaged in the support of female entrepreneurship.
The project to be considered for the Cartier Women’s Initiative Awards must be an original for-profit business creation in its initial phase (2 to 3 years old) led by a woman:
  • The “for-profit” requirement: the business submitted for the Award must be designed to generate revenues. We do not accept non-profit project proposals.
  • The “originality” requirement: we want your project to be a new concept, conceived and imagined by the founder and her team and not a copy or subsidiary of an existing business.
  • The “initial phase” requirement: the project you submit should be in the first stages of its development meaning between 2 and 3 years old.
  • The main leadership position must be filled by a woman. A good command of English is required (both verbal and written) to take full advantage of the benefits the Award has to offer.
  • All entrants must be aged 18 or the age of legal majority in their respective countries or states of citizenship, whichever is older, on the day of the application deadline.
Selection Criteria: The Jury evaluates the projects based on criteria of creativity, sustainability (potential for growth) and impact.
  • The creativity criterion: the Jury looks at the degree of innovation shown by the overall business concept, the uniqueness of the project on the market or country where it is being developed.
  • The sustainability criterion: the Jury examines the financial impact of the business, its revenue model, development strategy and other aspects indicating its chances of long-term success and future growth.
  • The impact criterion: the Jury evaluates the effect of the business on society, in terms of jobs created or its effect on the immediate or broader environment.
  • The overall quality and clarity of the material presented: the Jury is looking for motivated and committed entrepreneurs who are passionate about their initiatives. Being clear and concise, organizing your ideas and not repeating yourself will show that you are serious about your application.
Selection Process: 
  • Round 1: The Jury selects 18 Finalists*, the top three projects of each region (Latin America, North America, Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East & North Africa, Asia-Pacific), on the basis of their short business plans. They receive coaching from experienced businesspeople to move to the next round.
  • Round 2: The Finalists are invited to the final round of competition which includes submitting a detailed business plan and presenting their projects in front of the Jury.
Number of Awardees: Based on the quality of the plan and the persuasiveness of the verbal presentation, one Laureate for each of the six regions is selected
Value of Competition: US$ 100 000 in prize money, a place on the INSEAD Social Entrepreneurship 6-Day Executive Programme (ISEP), one-to-one personalized business mentoring, media visibility and networking opportunities.
How to Apply: Go here to apply
Award Provider: Cartier

Peace Revolution Alafia Francophone Fellowship for Young Africans from Francophone Countries 2017

Application Deadline: 5th July 2017
Eligible Countries: Francophone countries in Africa
To be taken at (country): Republic of Benin
About the Award: Trying to inspire positive change in the midst of discrimination, violence or exclusion, and resistance is a very demanding challenge that needs to be addressed by balancing one’s energy.
How do young people manage stress? How do they manage their emotions so as to avoid violence? Through the tools of “inner arts”, emotional intelligence and meditation, the World Peace Initiative Foundation through its Peace Revolution project offers you once again the opportunity to develop a lasting peace based on the principle of Peace In Peace Out.
Given the particular need to develop young leaders capable of meeting the needs of the continent, we will organize in the Republic of Benin a regional training workshop exclusively for young African citizens who speak French.
Type: Fellowship
Eligibility: 
  • Candidates must be citizens of the following countries: Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of the Congo, Sao Tome and Principe, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Mauritania, Cape Verde, Senegal, Niger, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Mali, Togo, Burkina Faso,Tunisia,Morocco, Libya, Algeria, Djibouti, Rwanda, Burundi, Madagascar.Candidates must have completed 21 days of the online self-development program by August 9th https://peacerevolution.net/fr. Note that in order to submit the application form, candidates do not need to have completed the online self-development program.
  • Candidates have good proficiency in written and spoken French language. Knowledge of the English language is an asset. However, the fellowship will be held exclusively in French.
  • Candidates should be optimistic, open-minded, show leadership potential, and have a genuine interest in social change.
  • Candidates could be students, artists, journalists, entrepreneurs, or young leaders in local, national or international organizations.
  • Candidates should be committed to getting involved with World Peace Initiative Foundation by submitting a project proposal on how to use the practice of meditation as a tool to face various social challenges in their respective communities upon successful completion of the fellowship.
Everyone is welcome to join the fellowship. But to be eligible for the airfare support, candidates must be between 20-30 years old at the time of submitting application. However, if you are above 30 years old but still want to receive airfare support write us directly at the following email cwestafrica@peacerevolution2010.org
Number of Awards: Not specified
Value of Program: 
  • Full or partial airfare sponsorship
  • Free accommodation
  • Free catering
  • Free local transportation
  • Commitment fee of $100 ($50 for candidates of the Republic of Benin)
Duration of Program: 21 days
Award Provider: Peace Revolution

Facebook Grace Hopper Women in Computing Scholarship 2017

Application Deadline: Thursday, 15th June, 2017 at 11:59pm PST.
Eligible Countries: All
To be taken at (country): Orlando, USA
About the Award: This fall we’ll join thousands of remarkable women in technology in Orlando from October 4-6, 2017 for our tenth year at the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing. This unique scholarship program will be awarded to 50 women excelling in Computer Science. Each recipient will have the opportunity not only to attend the Celebration, but to spend valuable days before the conference with Facebook engineers learning, collaborating, and preparing for the conference.
Type: Training, Events
Eligibility: 
  • The scholarship is open to all women excelling in Computer Science globally.
  • You have to currently be enrolled at an educational institution in order to qualify for the scholarship (high school through post-doc students are eligible).
  • For international applicants: If you are selected, you would be responsible for your own travel visa. Facebook would cover travel expenses.
Number of Awards: 50
Value of Program: 
  • Paid registration for the Grace Hopper Celebration
  • Paid travel and lodging, including a pre-Grace Hopper Celebration program in Orlando that includes tech talks, mentoring sessions and networking events from October 1-7, 2017
  • An invitation to a private reception with Facebook’s Engineering Team during the Grace Hopper Celebration
  • Additional meal stipend
Duration of Program: October 4-6, 2017
How to Apply: Apply
Award Provider: Facebook
Important Notes: Friday, July 15th – Award recipients will be notified by email of their acceptance by midnight PST.

OSISA/Africa University Masters Scholarship for African Students 2017/2018

Application Deadline: Tuesday, 30th  May, 2017
Eligible Countries: Angola, Botswana, DRC, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe
To be taken at (country): Africa University, Zimbabwe
Fields of Study: Scholarship recipients are particularly encouraged to explore areas of research related to the following areas of study:
  • Natural Resource Governance and Policy in Africa
  • Climate Change and Environmental Sustainabilityin Africa
  • Marginalisation and Exclusion in Policy Making
  • Democracy and Governance in Africa
  • Renewable Energy Policy
  • Social and Economic Justice
  • Economic Policy, Trade and Development in Africa
  • Science, Technology and Innovation (STI)
  • Policy Design, Monitoring and Evaluation
  • Gender and Policy Making in Africa
  • Health Care and Health Policy in Africa
  • Migration and Refugee Policy in Africa
  • Resilience and Sustainable Cities in Africa
About the Award: The goal of the Guy Mhone Scholarship is promote open society ideals and societies in southern Africa by strengthening the capacity of emerging civil society leaders to understand, articulate and advocate for progressive, transformative policies the generation of knowledge, skills and attitudes in public policy responsive to the development and democratic-oriented challenges in Africa.
This scholarship also contributes to the development of a critical mass of policy makers motivated enough to design relevant and context specific policies responsive and accounting to the principles of good governance, transparency in a praxis-oriented environment.
Successful applicants will be contractually obligated to return to their place of work for an agreed period of time in order to give back to their community and organisation. Furthermore, during the period of study, students will be expected to contribute pieces of written work to the OSISA website as well as longer academic pieces for the Journal of Public Policy in Africa (JOPPA).
Type: Masters
Eligibility: 
  • Any candidate working in the field of policymaking and policy implementation is eligible to apply.
  • Candidates must have attained a CGPA/GPA of 3.0 B grade or better.
  • In addition, this scholarship is for candidates from the following SADC countries: Angola, Botswana, DRC, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
Number of Awards: Not specified
Value of Program:  The Guy Mhone Scholarship includes the 1 return cheapest airfare travel expenses. Accommodation and meals during semester breaks are not covered.
How to Apply: Application for scholarship is a separate process from application for admission. For more information regarding graduate application please visit www.africau.edu website OR make inquiries at studentrecruitment@africau.edu .
Required application documents:
  1. Motivation Letter of about 300 words
  2. Certified Academic Certificates
  3. CV of not more than 2 pages
Award Provider: Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA), Africa University

The Need for Whistleblowers

Melvin A. Goodman

Despite the increasingly bizarre and even tyrannical behavior of Donald Trump, the mainstream media are still assuring Americans that our checks and balances are in play, and that the “guardrails” of democracy are in place. Serious pundits are even suggesting that the likelihood of impeachment has become greater and that the 25th amendment of the constitution, which offers protection against presidential disability, could be apt. My own view is that there has been serious deterioration in the institutions of governance over the past several decades, particularly in the area of political oversight, and that our political roller coaster will continue in the near term.
Even before his inauguration, Donald Trump indicated that he would be waging a war on intelligence on every level, not only the institutions of the intelligence community but the larger issue of intelligence or expertise. He has big plans for economic policy, but there are no genuine economists in his circle.  Trump talks about foreign policy, but there are no diplomats in the conversation.  He has huge areas of ignorance, but no interest in finding individuals with real expertise.
Trump appointed the most incredibly mediocre cabinet in our nation’s history, highlighted by individuals in the domestic arena who had no knowledge of the departments that they would be heading or, even worse, sworn to the strategic weakening of thesewhitleblowercia departments.  In the international arena, Trump appointed a group of retired and even active duty general officers who lack the institutional memory and geopolitical experience that key posts, such as secretary of state and national security adviser, require.  General Michael Flynn’s short-lived experience as national security adviser was particularly embarrassing, but his successor, General H.R. McMaster, is clearly not fully in charge of the national security council.
Trump’s removal of FBI Director James Comey without justification threatens the sanctity of the investigation of Russia’s interference in the U.S. election and the contacts between Russian officials and Trump campaign associates.  This act of politicization clearly compromised our key law enforcement agency and challenged the ten-year term limit for the director, which was designed to guarantee the absence of politicization.  In doing so, Trump has challenged the very institutions created to safeguard our democracy.
Unfortunately, Donald Trump is in a position to do even greater harm to governance because of the deterioration in the key institutions of oversight that exist within Congress and key governmental departments.  There has been a steady decline in the authority and bipartisanship of the congressional intelligence committees that has contributed to the inability of the Senate and the House to investigate the Russian interference in the U.S. election last year, let alone the possibility of the Trump campaign’s collusion with Russian officials.  More recently, we have seen a derogation in the role of the Office of the inspector General in such key departments as the Department of State, the Department of Defense, and the Central Intelligence Agency.
CONGRESSIONAL INTELLIGENCE COMMITTEES. 
The congressional intelligence committees were established 40 years ago as senior bipartisan committees.  Bipartisanship died in 1991, when President George H.W. Bush guaranteed Republican support for the confirmation of Robert M. Gates, and committee chairman David Boren (D/OK) promised his support.  The chairmanship of Arlen Specter in the 1990s worsened the partisan atmosphere, but the objectivity of the committee suffered a fatal blow more recently, when Senator Richard Burr (R/NC) made sure that no Republican supported or even contributed to the authoritative report on CIA’s torture program.  In an ugly display of retribution, Burr then blocked the senior drafter of the report, Alyssa Stazak, from confirmation as legal counsel for the Department of the Army.
The Senate and House investigations of the Russian hacking prior to the election are going nowhere because the Republican chairmen of the committees, Burr and Representative Devin Nunes (R/CA), are doing their best to make sure the Russian probe doesn’t involve their Republican president.  Nunez didn’t even issue a statement in the wake of the firing of Comey, the only top congressional leader on a intelligence committee not to do so.  The ranking Democratic members of the intelligence committees are doing their best to keep the investigation open, but key agencies, such as the CIA, are not being forthcoming in turning over key pieces of intelligence.  These obstacles can only worsen in the near term.
THE OFFICE OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL. 
For the past sixteen years, the administrations of George W. Bush and Barack Obama have been pushing back against the statutory Inspector General of the CIA as well as the Offices of the Inspector General (OIG) at key agencies.  The campaign against the CIA’s Inspector General (IG) was led by the senior leaders of the Agency’s National Clandestine Service, who resented the criticism of IG investigations on 9/11, torture and abuse, extraordinary renditions, and the 2000 downing of a missionary plane that killed innocent civilians in Peru.  These reports were hard-hitting and revealed a great deal of malfeasance and even a high-level cover-up in the case of the missionary plane.  The Senate Democrats could not have issued its authoritative report on the CIA’s torture program without the research and analysis conducted by the OIG over a five-year period.  Nevertheless, the Senate Intelligence Committee hasn’t protected the independence and integrity of the OIG.
THE NEED FOR WHISTLEBLOWERS. 
In addition to Republican intransigence, Donald Trump has summarily fired the three most important investigators in the process: Comey, acting deputy attorney general Sally Yates, and U.S. Attorney Preet Bharara.  Comey is virtually irreplaceable because of his reputation for independence and rectitude.  Yates’s riveting testimony last week on her dealings with Trump’s leading lawyer revealed the mendacity of the entire administration.  Bharara is one of the leading experts in the country on money laundering, which could be central to understanding Trump’s financial dealings in Russia.
The absence of aggressive oversight makes it essential that whistleblowers step forward to report any evidence of the misuse of political power and to challenge the secrecy that fosters ignorance in the United States.  The overuse of secrecy has already limited debate on national security policy, depriving citizens of information needed to participate effectively in much needed political debate. The uncertainty and disarray of the Trump administration and its ill-prepared national security team has made the importance of “telling truth to power” more essential than ever.

The Great Acceleration and Obliteration

Robert Hunziker

Homo Sapiens live in an epoch unlike anything throughout history, figuratively speaking, as far back as Adam and Eve, especially since 1950 “the times  are  changing’” with headlong speed. In fact, ever since 1950, The Great Acceleration has taken off like a spaceship destined to hit warp speed, accelerating faster and faster. As this evolves, humanity risks becoming “a bug looking for a windshield.”
Here’s the issue with The Great Acceleration: “Only after 1945 did human actions become genuine driving forces behind crucial Earth systems” (J.R.McNeill/Peter Engelke, The Great Acceleration, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, London, 2014, pg. 208).
Still, Earth spins within the solar system at the same rate as it has for eons, whereas in stark contrast to that steady timeless global spin, humanity’s anthropogenic spin turbocharges the entire planetary ecosystem. This has never happened before, and thus, people need to brace themselves for a major jarring to the ecosystem. In fact, it’s already started!
Silently unreported by mass media, The Great Acceleration inadvertently destroys life systems. It happens right before our eyes. Not only that but regrettably, Trumpeters will assuredly accelerate that destructive capacity. That’s guaranteed, a “done deal” for sure. The “bug looking for a windshield” has never looked more certain than when world leaders (ahem), like Trump, look away from and ignore and downplay and denigrate everything about the ecosystem, which is referred to as “home” by pretty much everybody.
Curiously, overcrowding the planet has turned the planet small, as electronics and air travel shrink the world: “In the span of one human lifetime, 1945 to 2015, global population tripled from about 2.3 billion to 7.2 billion. This bizarre interlude, with sustained population growth of more than 1 percent per annum, is of course what almost everyone on Earth now regards as normal. It is anything but normal,” Ibid, pg. 41.
The tripling of population “within only one lifetime” is remarkable, sobering, breathtaking. Woefully, that is only the beginning of a process that may run out of control because unpredictably the repercussions of The Great Acceleration are like a drunken driver on the Italian Amalfi Coastline dangerously close to going over cliff’s edge at each and every turn.
In fact, death traps already exist, as for example, from 1950 to 2015 one of the principal byproducts of The Great Acceleration, air pollution, killed 30-to-40 million people, mostly Chinese as of late, which is roughly equal to the death toll from all wars throughout the world since 1950 (source: Ibid, pg. 24).
Furthermore, industrialization is on a tear, goosing up The Great Acceleration. Since WWII, motor vehicles increased from 40 million to 850 million and plastics production increased from one million tons to 300 million tons. Those numbers are not only signals of acceleration but off the charts! Still, everybody assumes it’s normal, except for climate scientists.
Normality is belied by the conditions of the biosphere itself as human activity shifts carbon stored over millennia from the lithosphere (Earth’s upper mantle and crust) into the upper atmosphere at unsustainable rates running from 1,200 million tons per annum in 1945 to 9,500 million tons in 2015, 8xs faster within only 70 years. Eight times anything is a big number, e.g., if everyone’s wages multiplied 8xs, everyone would be rich.
Even at the unsustainable rate of 8xs, carbon emissions continue accelerating, pre-Trump, post-Trump, forever-Trump, getting a huge boost ever faster during Trump days. For example, CO2 emissions during the 2000s have been running at a 3.3% annual rate of increase versus a rate of 1.3% during the 1990s. That’s a 150% increase within only one decade. Meanwhile, the atmosphere is already filling up with CO2, the primary cause of global warming. It can only take so much before the thermostat gets stuck wide-open… relentless heat scorching agriculture.
As such, humanity has become a vast experiment; nobody’s been here before, nobody. Meanwhile, the United States, under the direction of Trumpeters, cut public links to information about the crucial carbon cycle by cutting NOAA’s budget “to the bone.” Either that’s an honest mistake or it’s a mean-spirited mistake; chose your poison. Regardless, scientists are out of favor: According to a USA Today headline: “Trump’s Proposed NOAA Budget Cuts Rattle Scientists” d/d March 6, 2017.
Meanwhile, at the core of The Great Acceleration, capitalism works… at the top! Proof: Everything is accelerating as if there are no limits to growth and more growth. That’s capitalism par excellence. But cautionary flags are ubiquitous, e.g., according to certain academic circles, there is another side to the story: “The Great Acceleration in its present form cannot last for long,” Ibid, pg. 5. Expanding balloons eventually pop.
One major risk within the context of The Great Acceleration is human behavior itself because people have a tendency to dither away precious time when it comes to life-threatening issues that appear too big to tackle and too difficult to wrap arms around, like the planet: “Whilst the US and China fiddled for 20 years from 1995-2015, arguing about terms and conditions of the Kyoto agreement, the total tonnage of global carbon emissions from the energy sector nearly equaled that of all human history prior to 1995,” Ibid, pg. 78. That’s big league acceleration!
How does it end? Regrettably, not very well with Trumpeters at the helm. They’ve publicly denounced any and all concerns about the health of the planet and/or its inhabitants, as for example, the American Health Care Act, an oxymoronic title after reading its contents, makes deep cuts to Medicare and Medicaid, by $800 billion. “Donald Trump is attacking low- and middle-income families, children, seniors and people with disabilities in order to hand a $6 trillion tax break to his wealthy friends―the largest tax break in U.S. history” (Source: socialsecurityworks.org).
Never before in US history has the welfare of the upper crust of society taken so much precedence over the health of everything, including the 99% middle/poor class as well as the only inhabitable planet in the solar system. It’s the only one!
Still, as it happens, within the context of The Great Acceleration, Trump’s 1% have opted to go out in flaming glory, as they are the primary beneficiaries of all that floats to the top, but then again, some of the 1% are attempting to “get out of Dodge” by escaping to planets far, far away, leaving the hordes behind to fight over tillable land.
Evidence of The Great Acceleration is far and wide. After all, it was only one generation ago in 1986 when the eminent biologist E. O. Wilson (Harvard) presciently sounded the alarm in a book titled Biodiversity (The National Academies Press): “It carries the urgent warning that we are rapidly altering and destroying the environments that have fostered the diversity of life forms for more than a billion years,” Ibid, pg. 84.
Alas, there’s no way E. O. Wilson could have foreseen Trump would come along to “seal the deal” for his prognostications and in the process actually speed up the negative aspects of The Great Acceleration, as America becomes great again, maybe/probably not, but if so, for very, very short duration.
Withal, don’t stand underneath national monuments. Those are subject to severe budget cuts, poor maintenance, and unexpectedly crashing down forevermore as the nation loses its soul.
Postscript: Disastrous breaking news out of Alaska: The following is a synopsis (quotation) of a horrifying scientific release d/d May 11, 2017 that is extraordinarily relevant to The Great Acceleration:
“The study, based on aircraft measurements of carbon dioxide and methane and tower measurements from Barrow, Alaska, found that from 2012 through 2014, the state emitted the equivalent of 220 million tons of carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere from biological sources (the figure excludes fossil fuel burning and wildfires). That’s an amount comparable to all the emissions from the US commercial sector in a single year.”
“The chief reason for the greater CO2 release was that as Alaska has warmed up, emissions from once frozen tundra in winter are increasing – presumably because the ground is not refreezing as quickly. Now what? Sit in a circle and hold hands, or get to work to find what (if any) options we’ve got?”
That is horrific news, almost as bad as it gets especially this early in the repercussions cycle of The Great Acceleration. It now appears that nature is competing head-to-head with humans, overflowing the atmosphere with heat-trapping greenhouse gases. That’s a perfect script for an apocalypse film project.
Looking ahead, one option scientists cannot rely upon is help from the anti-science Trump administration. Ipso facto, The Great Acceleration fallout is about to leap forward like never before. Batten down the hatches!
And, Trump thinks health care is tough…

When the War is Over Can Syria be Repaired?

Robert Fisk

After its titanic civil war, can Syria remain a united state? And if it does – if Syria can be put back together again – how do you repair its people?
These are not idle words when, across the border, the people of Lebanon have again been marking the mournful anniversary of the start of their own civil war in 1975. The dead of Lebanon, like the dead of Syria, have been buried and resurrected by journalists and politicians. At the end of the Lebanese Civil War we reckoned 150,000 had died. Two months ago, a young Beirut activist suddenly came up with a figure of 200,000. What happened to the extra 50,000? And then last month, the figure rose again in a local newspaper to 250,000. What happened to the extra 100,000?
It’s worth remembering these disturbing changes. Syria’s dead simply cannot be calculated. When the UN figure reached 400,000, most of the media went along with it.
But just over a week ago, BBC World Television carried a report which downgraded Syria’s dead to 300,000. Who resurrected 100,000 from their graves? Are such figures, statistics – numbers that cannot ever be known for certain – really the only way of memorialising the dead of these useless conflicts?
Lebanon’s dark past was concluded with an amnesty that effectively ruled all killers innocent and left the families of the dead with neither justice nor comfort. There are – speak it not in Beirut – believed to be around 20 mass graves still untouched in Lebanon. Some of their locations are widely known; the mass grave of Palestinians seized in the Sabra and Chatila camps in 1982, for example, which lies close to a church near the Maronite Patriarchate above Jounieh. They were murdered by their Christian Phalangist captors when their captors could not arrange a prisoner swap. Another is widely believed to be close to the old golf course near Beirut airport. People fear to open these dreadful places because, I suppose (in the words of an old Serb lady to me when the Croats started opening mass graves from the Second World War): “They might want to pour more blood into them.”
Wadih el-Asmar, the president of the Lebanese Centre for Human Rights, has spoken of the need for a real work of memory and reconciliation in which the dead could be lifted from the earth in which they had been flung or bulldozed during the war and carefully identified. This, he warned, must not be an excuse for believing that all the “missing” of the war are dead. At least 100 men were taken to Syria and their families still occasionally receive proof of life.
Waddad Halawani, who runs the Committee of Families of the Disappeared and of People Kidnapped in Lebanon, argues that “we want only to know their fate and to offer them a burial place to receive them”. But as el-Asmar points out, the debate about the mass graves “quickly reveals the demons of the past, because to admit their existence is to accept the fact that the war was not an accident but truly a succession of organised and planned crimes”.
And there, as they say, is the rub. If there are crimes, there must be criminals. But the criminals have been saved by the national amnesty.

A fine new book by Sami Hermez, an anthropology teacher in Qatar, titled War is Coming: Between Past and Future Violence in Lebanon, notes that the amnesty law encouraged the Lebanese to forget their crimes but since perpetrators of supposed crimes “did not face trial, were not found guilty, and did not have to admit or confess to their crimes. What were people being called on to forget?” Political leaders could be prosecuted at a later date but a violation against innocent civilians was, through an act of pardon, “silenced and its status as crime left ambiguous and open to interpretation”.
El-Asmar insists that the charnel places of Lebanon should be opened with great care and dignity, and each body preserved in the earth should be carefully identified using DNA from their families – as are the mass grave victims of the Cypriot coup and the 1974 Turkish invasion of the island. In this way, thousands of families would be able to “turn the page” on the Lebanese Civil War.
Unless, of course, the exhumations restarted the conflict. Carmen Hassoun Abou Jaoude, a Lebanese researcher, has noted that the Lebanese commemorate the start of their civil war in 1975 but never its end in 1990, which in theory constitutes the beginning of peace. The problem, of course – and surely this will occur in Syria after its own calvary has finished – is that insecurity, bombings, murders and disappearances continued after the Lebanese Civil War, and still do today. As the Druze leader Walid Jumblatt stated at the height of the war in 1986, “the enemy is now inside each of us”. Is it still there?

Professor Fawwaz Traboulsi, a Lebanese historian, observed how Guernica – and specifically Picasso’s painting of the German Luftwaffe attack on the Basque town during the Spanish Civil War – has been compared by artists to the horrors and violence of Iraq, Algeria, Lebanon, Palestine and Syria. Professor Traboulsi does not regard the Lebanese Civil War as necessarily confessional – nor is Syria’s war (since its army is largely Sunni Muslim, fighting Sunni opponents) – but was also caused by poverty and bad economic management.
The same might again also be said of Syria, where the Assad government’s economic policies sent a ribbon of newly displaced agricultural populations into the slums of the great cities before the war began.
Christina Foerch Saab, a German citizen and Lebanese resident filmmaker, is not the only one to notice how German history classes involved high school visits to museums and former concentration camps “in order not to repeat what happened. Then I came [to Beirut] and I saw that nothing like that was happening”. The memory of war is still clear in the minds of those who witnessed it.
Aline Manoukian, a photo editor and photographer, recalled for L’Orient Le Jour, a French language Lebanese newspaper, the saddest day in her career: “The burial of a little girl killed in a car bomb explosion in part of the southern suburbs of Beirut. My tears stopped me seeing through the [camera] viewfinder. Men carried the body of the little girl, wrapped in a shroud. They went into the cemetery in silence. A sheikh said a prayer and then the man carrying the body lifted it towards the sky. It was probably the father. He then placed the small body in the grave. After closing it, they left in the same dignified and silent way as they came. Neither tears nor cries, just a heavy sadness, which made the scene even more unbearable.”
But for families of those who have no known grave, there is no such compassion. Each week, L’Orient carries an article about the missing of the Lebanese Civil War, each story “written” by the missing – presumably dead – victim. “We disappeared a few days before my wedding” in June 1982, Chahine Imad, ‘writes’, mentioning the militia checkpoint where he was stopped near the town of Bhamdoun – and never seen again. “Don’t let our story end here.” Each article by the ‘dead’ ends with these same words. Raya Daouari, a 30-year-old widow, was taking her two children to their school enrolment when she was stopped at another militia checkpoint near the Beirut museum. She was never seen again. “Don’t,” she writes, “let my story end here.”
A project to memorialise all the disappeared of the Lebanon war is funded by the International Red Cross, the EU and two NGOs. But Syria’s war will end with many more casualties and many more missing than Lebanon’s. Its conflict is on a far larger scale, with vast areas of towns and cities razed to the ground – a fate which really only struck the centre of Beirut.
Even during the Syrian war today, there are reconciliation committees. But how can its people be repaired? Be sure, for many tens of thousands of Syrians, the war is already inside them; and will continue in their hearts – if Lebanon is anything to go by – long after the bloodshed ends.

Israel Tutors Children in Fear and Loathing

Jonathan Cook

Nazareth
A display of Israeli-style community policing before an audience of hundreds of young schoolchildren was captured on video last week. Were the 10-year-olds offered road safety tips, advice on what to do if they got lost, or how to report someone suspicion hanging around the school?
No. In Israel, they do things differently. The video shows four officers staging a mock anti-terror operation in a park close to Tel Aviv. The team roar in on motorbikes, firing their rifles at the “terrorist”.
As he lies badly wounded, the officers empty their magazines into him from close range. In Israel it is known as “confirming the kill”. Everywhere else it is called an extrajudicial execution or murder. The children can be heard clapping.
It was an uncomfortable reminder of a near-identical execution captured on film last year. A young army medic, Elor Azaria, is seen shooting a bullet into the head of an incapacitated Palestinian in Hebron. A military court sentenced him to 18 months for manslaughter in February.
There has been little sign of soul-searching since. Most Israelis, including government officials, call Azaria a hero. In the recent religious festival of Purim, dressing up as Azaria was a favourite among children.
There is plenty of evidence that Israel’s security services are still regularly executing real Palestinians.
The Israeli human rights group B’Tselem denounced the killing last week of a 16-year-old Jerusalem schoolgirl, Fatima Hjeiji, in a hail of bullets. She had frozen to the spot after pulling out a knife some distance from a police checkpoint. She posed no threat, concluded B’Tselem, and did not need to be killed.
The police were unrepentant about their staged execution, calling it “a positive, empowering” demonstration for the youngsters. The event was hardly exceptional.
In communities across Israel this month, the army celebrated Israel’s Independence Day by bringing along its usual “attractions” – tanks, guns and grenades – for children to play with, while families watched army dogs sicking yet more “terrorists”.
In a West Bank settlement, meanwhile, the army painted youngsters’ arms and legs with shrapnel wounds. Blood-like liquid dripped convincingly from dummies with amputated limbs. The army said the event was a standard one that “many families enjoyed”.
The purpose of exposing children at an impressionable age to so much gore and killing is not hard to divine. It creates traumatised children, distrustful and fearful of anyone outside their tribe. That way they become more pliant soldiers, trigger-happy as they rule over Palestinians in the occupied territories.
A few educators have started to sense they are complicit in this emotional and mental abuse.
Holocaust Memorial Day, marked in Israeli schools last month, largely avoids universal messages, such as that we must recognise the humanity of others and stand up for the oppressed. Instead, pupils as young as three are told the Holocaust serves as a warning to be eternally vigilant – that Israel and its strong army are the only things preventing another genocide by non-Jews.
Last year Zeev Degani, principal of one Israel’s most prestigious schools, caused a furore when he announced his school would no longer send pupils on annual trips to Auschwitz. This is a rite of passage for Israeli pupils. He called the misuse of the Holocaust “pathological” and intended to “generate fear and hatred” to inculcate extreme nationalism.
It is not by accident that these trips – imparting the message that a strong army is vital to Israel’s survival – take place just before teenagers begin a three-year military draft.
Increasingly, they receive no alternative messages in school. Degani was among the few principals who had been inviting Breaking the Silence, a group of whistle-blowing soldiers, to discuss their part in committing war crimes.
In response, the education minister, Naftali Bennett, leader of the settlers’ party, has barred dissident groups like Breaking the Silence. He has also banned books and theatre trips that might encourage greater empathy with those outside the tribe.
Polls show this is paying off. Schoolchildren are even more ultra-nationalist than their parents. More than four-fifths think there is no hope of peace with the Palestinians.
But these cultivated attitudes don’t just sabotage peacemaking. They also damage any chance of Israeli Jews living peacefully with the large minority of Palestinian citizens in their midst.
Half of Jewish schoolchildren believe these Palestinians, one in five of the population, should not be allowed to vote in elections. This month the defence minister, Avigdor Lieberman, called the minority’s representatives in parliament “Nazis” and suggested they should share a similar fate.
This extreme chauvinism was translated last week into legislation that defines Israel as the nation-state of the Jewish people around the world, not its citizens. The Palestinian minority are effectively turned into little more than resident aliens in their own homeland.
Degani and others are losing the battle to educate for peace and reconciliation. If a society’s future lies with its children, the outlook for Israelis and Palestinians is bleak indeed.