4 Aug 2023

The Ukrainian nightmare

Andre Damon


Little by little, accounts of the true toll of the US-NATO war against Russia on Ukraine’s soldiers—many forcefully conscripted—are beginning to filter through the American media.

On Tuesday, the Wall Street Journal published an article describing levels of mass injury among Ukrainian troops that are horrendous.

The article claimed that 50,000 or more Ukrainians have become amputees, citing data from Germany’s Ottobock, the world’s largest prosthetics manufacturer. As the article explains, this would put the level of amputations in the Ukraine war on par with those of major combatants in the First World War.

Funeral workers down the coffin with Ukrainian soldier Andrii Husak aka Lytsar of 47th brigade during a funeral ceremony in Dnipro, Ukraine, Tuesday, July 11, 2023 [AP Photo]

The article reports, “67,000 Germans and 41,000 Britons had to have amputations during the course of World War I, when the procedure was often the only one available to prevent death.”

The number of Ukrainian troops who have died in the war is one of the most closely guarded secrets of the conflict. The number is known by the Ukrainian and American governments, but not revealed to the public. But using the data published by the Wall Street Journal, it is possible to draw certain conclusions.

During World War I, 880,000 British forces died, or 12.5 percent of those serving. If amputations among Ukrainian troops have eclipsed those of the UK in the First World War, when the procedure was far more common than it is now, this implies that the death toll among Ukrainians is in the hundreds of thousands.

The article contains another horrifying figure. The Journal reports that “between 5% and 10% of all deployed troops were killed, according to Ukrainian military estimates shared with a group of US military surgeons.” It adds, “In comparison, only 1.3% to 2% of US troops deployed in recent conflicts died in action.” In other words, the fatality rate of Ukrainian troops is up to five times greater than that suffered by American soldiers in recent wars.

This is the context in which the US military and political establishment issues its constant demands that Ukraine renew its offensive. In an article titled, “Ukrainian Troops Trained by the West Stumble in Battle,” the New York Times on Thursday explained, in the form of yet another buried lede, a major motivating factor in the United States’ insistence that Ukraine carry out wave after wave of attacks on well-defended Russian positions.

The Times wrote that “The Americans called for ‘combined arms tactics—synchronized attacks by infantry, armor, and artillery forces.’” It continued, “Western officials championed that approach as more efficient than the costly strategy of wearing Russian forces down by attrition, which threatens to deplete Ukraine’s ammunition stocks.”

In other words, given the shortage of ammunition, US officials have called for repeated assaults on Russian trenches, which have resulted in tens of thousands of casualties. Clearly, the American generals believe that Ukrainian lives are more expendable than shells.

The US media’s touting of the Ukrainian counter-offensive and Kiev’s “combined arms” offensives has been shown to be nothing but self-deluded propaganda. In reality, as recent reports in the US media reveal, US military officials knew that these supposedly sophisticated military operations, conducted without air support, would simply be World War I-style frontal assaults, resulting in World War I-level carnage.

The total failure of the counteroffensive can be inferred from the shift in tone of the US media: from triumphal declarations that the tide of the war is about to turn to desperate assertions that all may not be lost, after all.

Writing in the Guardian, Julian Borger admits that “Hopes of a rapid breakthrough proved over-optimistic in the face of entrenched defenses.” He continues: “The first casualty of the Ukrainian counteroffensive was wishful thinking. Any hope that Russian troops would abandon their trenches and flee has now been left far behind on the battlefield.”

This is coming from a newspaper that was a central proponent of such “wishful thinking.” In an article published in May by Timothy Garton Ash, the Guardian called the coming period a “make-or-break counteroffensive,” potentially bringing “a decisive Ukrainian victory.”

In words that now sound delusional, Ash compared the offensive to the victorious Normandy invasion against Nazi Germany. “Decisive Ukrainian victory is now the only sure path to a lasting peace, a free Europe, and ultimately a better Russia. This alone would be the new VE (Victory in Europe) Day.”

He mused: “If the Ukrainian army can push rapidly south to the Sea of Azov, encircle a large number of demoralised Russian forces and cut the supply lines to the Crimean peninsula, there might be some non-linear collapse of Russian military morale on the ground and regime cohesion in Moscow.”

Such claims prevailed throughout the American media. Writing in the Washington Post, David Ignatius exulted, “This assault could turn the tide of the battle for Ukraine, just as the Allied assault on the Normandy beaches altered the trajectory of World War II.”

These illusions have been shattered. “Initial Ukrainian assaults got mired in dense, overlapping minefields,” Borger writes in the Guardian. “For all the focus on the delivery of Leopards and other Western tanks in the run-up to the launch of the offensive on June 4, Ukrainian armor failed to provide the clenched fist needed to breach the lines.”

For all their talk of defending “self determination,” the US and NATO powers view Ukrainians as so much cannon fodder in their conflict with Russia. The United States has sought to weaken Russia in a bloody war of attrition with the aim, in the words of US President Joe Biden, of “turning the ruble to rubble.” This was to be accomplished through the destruction of an entire generation of Ukrainian youth, whose lives are being squandered in the name of king dollar.

3 Aug 2023

Swiss Government Excellence Scholarships 2024/2025

Application Deadline: Now Open (Deadline varies by country, but generally 30th November). Submission to Swiss Representation is from Sept to Dec. However, be sure to check the application deadline in your own country.

Offered annually? Yes

Eligible Countries: International students from more than 180 countries.  See the official website for a complete list of eligible countries.

Select your country of origin according to your passport (PDF, 136 kB, 02.08.2023)

North America (PDF, 69 KB, 19.07.2023)

South America (PDF, 74 KB, 19.07.2023)

Europe (PDF, 96 KB, 02.08.2023)

Africa (PDF, 89 KB, 19.07.2023)

Asia (PDF, 79 KB, 19.07.2023)

Australia And Ozeania (PDF, 63 KB, 19.07.2023)

To be taken at any of the ten (10) Swiss Public Universities, the two (2) Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology, the public teaching and research institutes, and the Universities of applied sciences

Eligible Field of Study: All academic fields

ABOUT THE SWISS GOVERNMENT SCHOLARSHIP:

The Swiss government, through the Federal Commission for Scholarships for Foreign Students (FCS), awards various postgraduate scholarships to foreign scholars and researchers:

The research scholarship is available to post-graduate researchers in any discipline (who hold a master’s degree as a minimum). Also, beneficiaries must be planning to come to Switzerland to pursue research or further studies at the doctoral or post-doctoral level.

Research scholarships are awarded for research or study at all Swiss cantonal universities, universities of applied sciences, and the two federal institutes of technology. Only candidates nominated by an academic mentor at one of these higher education institutions will be considered.

Art scholarships are open to art students wishing to pursue an initial master’s degree in Switzerland. Art scholarships are awarded for study at any Swiss conservatory or university of the arts. Only those who have already been awarded a place to study may apply. This scholarship is available to students from a limited number of countries only.

These scholarships provide graduates from all fields with the opportunity to pursue masters, doctoral or postdoctoral research in Switzerland at one of the public-funded universities or recognized institutions. You can also go to our website to read more about related scholarships on our website.

Type: Masters (for the art scholarship), Ph.D. Postdoctoral and Research Scholarships

SELECTION CRITERIA AND ELIGIBILITY

The FCS assesses scholarship applications according to three criteria:

a) Candidate profile

b) Quality of the research project or artistic work

c) Synergies and potential for future research cooperation

Applications are subject to preliminary selection by the relevant national authorities and/or the Swiss diplomatic representation. The short-listed applications are then assessed by the Federal Commission for Scholarships for Foreign Students (FCS) which subsequently takes the final decision.

The FCS is composed of professors from all Swiss public universities. Scholarship awards are decided on the basis of academic and scientific excellence.

Candidates for the University Scholarships must:

  • Hold a university degree (Bachelors/Masters) on commencement of the scholarship.
  • Be able to demonstrate their academic abilities and what they aim to achieve.
  • Contact the institution and/or the professor supervising their period of research. Universities may request supplementary information and/or set certain additional conditions to determine whether or not you qualify for admission.
  • Be under the age of 35 (born on or after 1st January 1987).
  • Be suitably proficient in the language of instruction (French, German, Italian, or English) in order to draw full benefit from their studies in Switzerland.

Please refer to the country-specific fact sheets for general and specific eligibility criteria.

Number of Scholarships: not specified

Value of Scholarship: The scholarship covers a monthly payment, exemption of tuition fees, health insurance, airfare, special lodging allowance, etc. See the fact sheets for exact scholarship benefits.

Duration of Scholarship: for the period of study

How to apply for the Swiss Government Excellence Scholarship:

Select your country of origin according to your passport. Find out about the types of scholarships available, eligibility criteria and application deadlines for your country. For more information and questions, please contact the address provided in the list of contacts (PDF, 136 kB, 02.08.2023)

Release of programme for 180+ Countries
Go to: www.sbfi.admin.ch/scholarships_engearly August
Call for Applications
Download application documents, questions? see list of contactsthis September
Prepare application
Forms, research proposal,
support letters, references
before the submission deadline
Submission deadline at Swiss representation
This date and the postal address varies from country to countrySeptember – December
Selection
By the Federal Commission for Scholarships FCSby the end of May
Start of scholarships
At the Swiss academic host institutionnext September

Visit the scholarship webpage and select your country for country-specific application instruction.

Mastercard Foundation Africa Growth Fund

APPLICATION DEADLINE:

Not specified

TELL ME ABOUT AWARD:

With a pledged $200 million (USD), the Mastercard Foundation Africa Growth Fund (MFAGF) is a visionary Fund of Funds that works through African Investment Vehicles to promote early-stage, growth-oriented SMEs across the continent. The Mastercard Foundation Africa Growth Fund seeks to provide young people, especially young women, with access to respectable and worthwhile employment. The Fund-of-Funds acts as a catalyst by enhancing and reducing the risk associated with African Investment Vehicles that are dedicated to advancing gender equity in entrepreneurship.

The MFAGF will offer a business development facility for the portfolio companies of investment vehicles in addition to capital for fund managers. The Fund-of-Funds initiative will apply gender-lens investing (GLI) principles to further the Mastercard Foundation’s Young Africa Works strategy, which seeks to provide access to 30 million young people in Africa, especially young women, to meaningful and respectable employment by 2030. The Fund-of-Funds has so far secured the support of two investment vehicles, one in East Africa and one in West Africa, both of which foster entrepreneurship. For the MFAGF, Investisseurs et Partenaires (I&P) serves as the fund advisor.

TWO-PART SERIES BY THE MENNONITE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATES (MEDA) AND INVESTISSEURS ET PARTENAIRES (I&P) ON THE MASTERCARD FOUNDATION AFRICA GROWTH FUND (MFAGF)

Hugues Vincent-Genod welcomes everyone to the discussion by introducing Investisseurs et Partenaires, a $400 million AUM impact fund manager engaged in 10 markets with a focus on Africa. Then, he speaks about the historic $200 million Mastercard Foundation initiative (Mastercard Foundation Africa Growth Fund- MFAGF) to support African investment vehicles in conjunction with a group of partners, including Mennonite Economic Development Associates (MEDA), Entrepreneurial Solutions Partners (ESP), Genesis Analytics, the Criterion Institute, and Africa Communications Media Group.

Eligibility

The MFAGF fund, which is run by female African fund managers and supports various fund structures and instruments, will play a transformative role for the first time. In order to overcome some of the obstacles, such as local currency risk, the fund also aims to make it easier to raise large amounts of capital from African investors.
More women-led funds, which presently make up the majority of the pipeline, and promoting more patient capital into different investment vehicles are the two primary pillars the MFAGF strives to support.

Many of the frameworks used were developed by The Criterion Institute, and it will support investment vehicles in their efforts to apply and uphold a strong gender perspective in all investment decisions. In addition to providing funding, the effort will also provide technical and qualitative support, including guidance on establishing HR rules and best practices for corporate governance within the funds and its ensuing portfolio firms.

The Africa Growth Fund DOES NOT invest directly in small and medium-sized enterprises. Instead, it provides capital to selected Investment Vehicles, which then distribute funding to businesses that meet their criteria. If you MANAGE A FUND and want to get involved, we invite you to learn more about us and submit an application.

TYPE:

Entrepreneurship

WHO CAN APPLY?

The Fund will consider Investment Vehicles that meet the following criteria:
 

  • The majority of the investment team is based in sub-Saharan Africa, including at least one partner or C-suite member is based on the continent and who is part of the decision-making process.
  • Invest in sub-Saharan SMEs with a ticket size of between US $50,000 to US $4 million.
  • Invest in a diversity of sectors including manufacturing, agribusiness, education, health, technology, and tourism and hospitality.
  • Include an impact focus in the investment strategy defined as solving a key gap in the investment ecosystem, which enables the vehicle to achieve additional job creation and generate additional income opportunities in the value chains of its portfolio companies, including for women and young people and especially young women.
  • Demonstrate financial viability by attracting other forms of capital, including private capital.

WHICH COUNTRIES ARE ELIGIBLE?

The fund is focused on seven sub-Saharan Africa countries: Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, and Uganda.

HOW MANY AWARDS?

Not specified

WHAT IS THE BENEFIT OF AWARD?

The Mastercard Foundation Africa Growth Fund is a US $200 million fund of funds — that works through African Investment Vehicles (including venture capital funds, SME debt funds, permanent capital vehicles etc.) to support growth-oriented SMEs on the continent with the goal of enabling dignified and fulfilling work for young people, particularly young women.

HOW TO APPLY:


Apply Today

Visit Award Webpage for Details

Another 165 million people join more than one billion in poverty as cost of government debt servicing soars

Jean Shaoul


Figures released by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) reveal the devastating impact on the world’s poorest people of the “polycrisis”.

The term refers to the COVID-19 pandemic, the cost-of-living crisis, inflation, rising interest rates in all the centres of imperialism, the surge in the value of the US dollar, the US-NATO led war in Ukraine against Russia and the fallout from disasters made more catastrophic by climate change.

An internally displaced Afghan child looks for plastic and other items which can be used as a replacement for firewood, at a garbage dump in Kabul, Afghanistan, December 15, 2019. [AP Photo/Altaf Qadri]

Poverty rates, as measured by the number of people living on less than $3.65 a day, have surged over the three-year period 2020-23, with an additional 165 million thrown into poverty.

Worse is to come, according to the UNDP’s new policy brief, “The Human Cost of Inaction: Poverty, Social Protection and Debt Servicing, 2020–2023.” It predicts that the poorest 10 percent of the world’s population will be the only group not to have recovered its pre-pandemic, real terms per capita income by 2023. Within low-income countries the bottom half of the population will remain below pre-pandemic levels.

As well as the reduction in monetary income revealed by the UNDP’s data, there has been a shocking decline in the global Human Development Index (HDI), measuring average achievement in three basic dimensions: a long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. It has declined for two years in a row, for the first time ever.

According to the UNDP’s 2023 survey of 110 of the world’s 195 countries for which data is available on its multidimensional poverty index (MPI), 1.1 billion out of 6.1 billion people (just over 18 percent) live in acute multidimensional poverty, with Sub-Saharan Africa (534 million) and South Asia (389 million) home to approximately five out of every six poor people.

Nearly two-thirds of all poor people (730 million) live in middle-income countries, while 35 percent reside in low-income countries that constitute just 10 percent of the population surveyed. By far the worst affected are the young generation, with children under 18 years old accounting for a staggering half of MPI-poor people (566 million). Some 27.7 percent of children and 13.4 percent of adults are poor. Poverty predominantly affects rural areas across all regions of the world, with 84 percent of the world’s poor living in rural areas.

The long-term implications are staggering. It means that an entire generation of undernourished children suffers chronic illness, performs poorly in school performance and faces low income and a dearth of opportunities. In East Africa alone, over 8 million children under five suffer acute malnutrition. It is these devastating conditions that are fueling local and regional conflicts and driving those able to flee their homes and migrate in search of an income for their families.

Further exacerbating the crisis, as the UNDP explains, is the level of public debt, on the rise all over the world in the last decades. Global public debt, including both domestic and external debt, has increased more than fivefold since 2000 to reach $92 trillion, compared to global GDP which has tripled over the same period to $101 trillion. Developing countries owe almost 30 percent of the total, of which about 70 percent is attributable to China, India and Brazil.

While interest rates were very low in 2020–2021—as central banks pumped in trillions of dollars to prop up the financial system following the onset of the pandemic—in 2022 the central banks began hiking interest rates at the fastest pace in four decades, in a bid to induce a recession and curb the demands of the working class for pay increases to meet the soaring cost of living. This led to an increase in the value of the US dollar to which many internationally traded commodities are linked, a corresponding surge in inflation and the soaring cost of government debt. This particularly affected poorer countries whose currencies were pegged to the dollar, like Sri Lanka, Lebanon and Egypt.

The vice-like grip in which so many poorer countries are held makes it impossible for their governments to provide the social assistance and public services necessary to withstand poverty, humanitarian crises, emergencies and climate change. According to UNDP, in 2022, 46 countries pay more than 10 percent of government revenue on interest payments, while 25 developing countries—the highest number since 2000—spent more than 20 percent on external debt servicing. The average low-income country spends 11 percent on debt servicing, compared with 3.8 to 4.8 percent in 2011.

Debt servicing is replacing the already meagre amounts spent on health, education and social protection, severely efforts to mitigate loss of income, unemployment and poverty and driving many into destitution. The figures lay bare the ruthless expropriation of the value created by world’s poorest people by the global financial elite.

Low-income countries are on average spending twice as much servicing debt as they spend on social assistance and 1.4 times more than on healthcare, while the cost of debt servicing is typically equal to 60 percent of education expenditure. According to the UN Global Crisis Response Group, 3.3 billion people or 41 percent of the world’s population live in countries that spend more on interest payments than on education or health.

This has also made it impossible for these countries to build infrastructure and implement measures to reduce the impact of climate change.

Following last year’s catastrophic floods in Pakistan, the worst in the country’s history that killed more than 1,700 people and affected 33 million, the government took on more new debt than it received in international humanitarian aid, eating up a massive 40 percent of government revenue.

Achim Steiner, UNDP Administrator, explained, “In highly indebted countries, there is a correlation between high levels of debt, insufficient social spending, and an alarming increase in poverty rates.” Without the measures that some governments took to alleviate the impact of the pandemic, net poverty increases between 2022 and 2023 would have been even higher. “Debt servicing is making it increasingly harder for countries to support their populations through investments in health, education and social protection.”

This has translated, as the UN’s Food and Agriculture “State of Food Insecurity and Nutrition in the World 2023” reports, into up to 783 million people facing hunger in 2022 and 600 million people chronically undernourished by 2030. More than 3.1 billion people (42 percent of the world’s population) were unable to afford a healthy diet in 2021, and 2.4 billion people were moderately or severely food insecure in 2022 (29.6 percent of global population), while food and energy giants more than doubled their profits in 2022.

Not only are the international banks, financial institutions and multilateral lending institutions like the World Bank and International Monetary Fund imposing ever greater hardships on workers and their families as they suck in taxpayers’ money throughout the world, they also charge poorer countries far more than wealthy countries. According to the UN Global Crisis Response Group, African countries borrow at rates four times those of the US and eight times those of Germany.

The turn to private creditors, such as bondholders, banks and other lenders, is more expensive than multilateral and bilateral lenders and the large number of creditors makes it more difficult to restructure to restructure the debt.

The Global Crisis Response Group points out that a “solution” is not out of reach. It calculates that it would cost around $14 billion, or 0.009 percent of global GDP in 2022, to alleviate this latest surge of poverty and lift the 165 million people above $3.65 a day. This is less, on average, than 4 percent of low and middle-income countries’ public external debt service payments of $370 billion in 2022. It is an infinitesimal amount of the wealth of the world’s 2,640 billionaires that has exploded to $12.2 trillion, according to Forbes’ “World’s Billionaires List”, on the back of the COVID-19 crisis and the war in Ukraine.

Mounting strike movement in Turkey against rising cost of living

Barış Demir & Ulaş Ateşçi


On Monday, 625 subway and tram workers at Metro AÅž, owned by the Izmir Metropolitan Municipality, went on strike, powerfully demonstrating the social force of the working class. Subway transportation, used by around 400,000 people every day in Izmir, Turkey’s third largest city with a population of over 4 million, ground to a halt.

Striking subway and tram workers in Izmir [Photo: tabibturkiye/Twitter]

The impact of the strike, which began at the workers’ insistence, led the trade union apparatus to move to suppress it by signing a sell-out contract after two days.

Contract negotiations between the Social Democratic Public Employers’ Union (Sodem-Sen) —representing municipalities run by the main opposition Republican People’s Party (CHP), and the pro-government Türk-Ä°ÅŸ confederation-affiliated Demiryol-Ä°ÅŸ union—ended in a dispute over wages, working hours, job security and wages for new recruits. The negotiations lasted for almost seven months.

On Tuesday, around 18,000 workers at the Ä°ZELMAN and Ä°ZENERJÄ° companies covering health, education and other sectors, also owned by the Izmir Metropolitan Municipality, walked out for one day over unpaid wages related to the contract signed in April.

The strikes and work stoppages in Izmir come amid an upsurge of the class struggle under conditions of the rising cost of living and a series of social attacks by the government of President Recep Tayyip ErdoÄŸan to close the budget deficit and continue to enrich the corporate and financial elites.

Thousands of physicians, nurses and other healthcare workers affiliated to the Health and Social Services Unity and Struggle Platform (SABÄ°M), which brings together many trade unions and professional organizations, went on a two-day strike August 1 and 2. Since the beginning of 2022, health care workers in Turkey have been on strike across the country, demanding higher wages and better working conditions.

Last month, around 3,000 Dicle Electricity (DEDAŞ) distribution workers in the largely Kurdish cities of Diyarbakır, Urfa, Mardin, Batman, Siirt and Şırnak mounted wildcat strikes to demand wage increases and improvements in working conditions. The company responded by laying off around 100 workers.

The strike by workers at the Corning plant in the industrial center of Gebze, Kocaeli, is now in its third week. A strike action notice was issued on July 17 at the Eti Maden Bandırma factory after contract negotiations failed. If the union does not force a sell-out at the eleventh hour, workers will go on strike on August 17.

The contracts of about 150,000 auto and metal workers in Turkey expire in September. Auto and metal workers, whose wages have fallen to the level of the minimum wage in recent years with the collaboration of the unions, want to get rid of the yoke of the union apparatus and fight back.

The movement in Turkey is part of a developing wave of strikes in North America, Europe and around the world. In the US, tens of thousands of screenwriters and actors as well as 1,400 National Steel Car workers are on strike. In recent weeks there have been strikes by dockworkers in Canada, 10,000 airport ground service workers across Italy and 20,000 rail workers in Britain. The contracts of some 170,000 auto workers in the US and Canada expire in mid-September.

Workers are experiencing a serious decline in living standards. Last year, Turkish annual inflation was officially around 80 percent, while real inflation was over 150 percent. As of June this year, it was officially 38 percent, but according to the independent ENAG, it was almost 110 percent.

At the same time, the ErdoÄŸan government has launched a series of major social attacks. The central bank has raised interest rates, which will increase unemployment with the aim of suppressing workers’ wage demands. Massive additional taxes were imposed last month mostly on working people. The price of one liter fuel oil rose from 26 Turkish liras (US$1) at the beginning of July to 36 TL (US$1.35) at the end of the month, an increase of almost 40 percent in one month, mostly due to taxes.

The pro-government Türk-İş union confederation announced that the poverty line of a family of four at the end of June became 37,974 TL (US$1,400) and the hunger line (monthly food expenditure for a family of four) was 11,658 TL (US$430).

A large part of the workforce is employed at the official minimum wage of 11,402 liras (US$420) or slightly above. This is also true for the subway and tramway workers in Izmir.

Speaking to the daily Evrensel, a striking worker said, “I received 9,200 liras last month. My apartment rent is 5,000 liras. In addition to this, electricity, water, other expenses, how are we going to make a living?... We don’t want to get poorer day by day.”

The reaction of the municipal administration from the beginning of the strike has shown once again that the CHP is no different from the ErdoÄŸan government in terms of strikebreaking and hostility towards workers.

While President ErdoÄŸan has banned countless strikes over the past two decades on the grounds of “national security” concerns, which means the interests of the corporations, the CHP-led municipalities have responded to workers striking by scabbing and inciting the city population against the strikers.

In his statement at the beginning of the strike, Izmir Mayor Tunç Soyer declared that because of the necessary “investments” to be made it was unacceptable for the workers to demand wages close to the poverty line. By “investments,” he meant the funds being transferred by the municipalities to the companies. According to the capitalist parties, the wages of the workers who ensure the maintenance of life in the cities are an unnecessary expense.

The city administration tried to break the strike by cancelling the holidays of other city transport workers and mobilizing buses on the tram line. Lying propaganda was spread that tram workers were harassing the city’s population by demanding unacceptable wages.

The subway and tram strike in Izmir was a major indictment of the pseudo-left organizations. A significant layer of these forces backed Soyer in the 2019 local elections and lined up behind CHP leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğu in the presidential elections last May.

The strike confirms the reactionary role of the union bureaucracy. In his statement following the strike, Soyer announced that union officials accepted the municipality’s wage offer exactly as it was, with only a 7 percent increase in benefits.

US credit downgrade: another sign of a deepening crisis

Nick Beams


The downgrading of the long-term credit-rating of the United States by the Fitch Ratings Agency on Tuesday is a significant milestone in the historic economic and financial decline of US imperialism together with a deepening crisis within the American state.

The downgrade reflects the massive surge of the US federal debt, which has been driven by a series of bank and corporate bailouts, accompanied by runaway military spending to finance endless wars.

The Fitch downgrade was from AAA rating to AA+, bringing it into line with a similar downgrade by Standard & Poor’s in 2011 following a conflict in Congress during the Obama administration over the lifting of the debt ceiling.

Speaking on behalf of Wall Street, Fitch demanded that the US government respond to the the growing debt crisis with an intensified assault on the social position of the working class through the slashing of social spending.

Fitch complained that “there has been only limited progress in tackling medium-term challenges related to rising Social Security and Medicare costs due to an aging population.”

In other words, while bank bailouts and military's spending may have caused the debt crisis, Wall Street’s solution is to impoverish and immiserate the vast majority of the population.

The explosion of US government debt is graphically revealed by forecasts of its size by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO).

In 2007, just before the global financial crisis, when illusions in the ongoing strength of the US economy were at their height, the CBO predicted that the federal debt held by the public would fall to 22 percent of GDP in a decade.

It is now around 100 percent, with the CBO predicting that it will rise to 107 percent in 2031.

The growth of debt has been fueled by the deepening crisis of the American economy and financial system.

The financial crisis of 2008 was met with the outlay of hundreds of billions of dollars in corporate bailouts, combined with the injection of money into the financial system by the Federal Reserve under its quantitative easing program. Hundreds of billions of dollars more were handed to the corporations in response to the COVID crisis as the Fed pumped still more money into the financial markets.

Responding to a series of banking panics this year, the Biden administration effectively implied that all bank deposits would be backstopped by the federal government.

And on top of this, the US has lifted its military spending to record heights, with more increases to come, coupled with subsidies to corporations to reshore their operations to the US, particularly in high-tech areas, as part of its economic warfare against China.

Announcing the decision, Fitch said had it been made because of a “steady deterioration in the standards of governance of the past 20 years.” As if to underscore the point, the announcement was made on the same day as four indictments were issued against former president Trump over his efforts to overturn the 2020 election result.

New York Times report said Biden administration officials had been briefed ahead of the downgrade, where they had made their opposition known, and “Fitch representatives repeatedly brought up the Jan. 6, 2021 insurrection as an area of concern about US governance.”

In a Financial Times column largely devoted to extracts from the Fitch report, the author noted at the conclusion that “the FT’s metadata tool suggested we tag this under ‘emerging markets.’”

The Fitch downgrade brought strident denunciations from officials of the Biden administration, describing it as “off-base,” “absurd,” and “widely and correctly ridiculed.”

US Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen said the decision was “arbitrary and based on outdated data.”

“Fitch’s decision does not change what Americans, investors, and people all around the world already know: that Treasury securities remain the world’s pre-eminent safe and liquid asset, and that the American economy is fundamentally strong,” she said.

If that really were the case, then the top financial official in the government would not have to say so.

The reality is that the US financial system has been wracked by a series of crises over the past decade and a half.

In 2008, the banking system was on the brink of a meltdown. In March 2020, the US Treasury market froze such that for several days there were virtually no buyers for US government debt, supposedly the safest and most liquid asset in the world. And in March of this year, the US recorded three of the four largest banking failures in its history.

There are also decisive longer-term processes at work.

In August 1971, the Bretton Woods Agreement—one of the key planks of the post-war monetary system—collapsed when the US removed the gold backing from the US dollar, which had been redeemable at the rate of $35 per ounce.

Since then, the global financial system has operated on the basis of the dollar, functioning as a fiat currency. Not backed by real value in the form of gold, its pre-eminence has depended on two factors: the political stability of the US as the major capitalist power and the strength of its economy and financial system.

Both of these foundations are now in an advanced state of decay.

This situation has major economic and political ramifications. The US has only been able to organise corporate bailouts, pump seemingly endless amounts of money into the financial system and lift military spending to ever-greater records—doing what no other government can do—because of the dollar’s global role.

The significance of the Fitch decision is another sign this position is under threat. There are moves by other powers, including China, Brazil, India and Saudi Arabia, to settle trade deals outside the dollar.

Central banks are increasing their purchases of gold as a more secure store of value, and there is the ever-present threat of a crisis in the $25 trillion US Treasury market resulting from a shift out of US government debt.

The US ruling class is responding to this deepening crisis through the escalation of a “war on two fronts”: against the working class at home and the US’ rivals abroad.

The downgrade will be used, as Fitch indicates with its reference to rising social security and Medicare costs, to accelerate the attack on the social position of the working class.

And not only in the US. As the Australian Financial Review noted, the US downgrade is a “wake-up call to other nations in a fiscal mess,” a description that can be applied to governments around the world whose debts have risen to record levels.

The global eruption of US imperialism, expressed most actively in the escalation of the war in Ukraine, marks an effort by the United States to shore up its global hegemony, and the preeminence of the US dollar, through military means.

2 Aug 2023

Niger is the Fourth Country in the Sahel to Experience an Anti-Western Coup

Vijay Prashad & Kambale Musavuli



Bazoum with U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken in September 2022. Photograph Source: U.S. Department of State – Public Domain

At 3 a.m. on July 26, 2023, the presidential guard detained President Mohamed Bazoum in Niamey, the capital of Niger. Troops, led by Brigadier General Abdourahmane Tchiani closed the country’s borders and declared a curfew. The coup d’état was immediately condemned by the Economic Community of West African States, by the African Union, and by the European Union. Both France and the United States—which have military bases in Niger—said that they were watching the situation closely. A tussle between the Army—which claimed to be pro-Bazoum—and the presidential guard threatened the capital, but it soon fizzled out. On July 27, General Abdou Sidikou Issa of the army released a statement saying that he would accept the situation to “avoid a deadly confrontation between the different forces which… could cause a bloodbath.” Brigadier General Tchiani went on television on July 28 to announce that he was the new president of the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland (Conseil National pour la Sauvegarde de la Patrie or CNSP).

The coup in Niger follows similar coups in Mali (August 2020 and May 2021) and Burkina Faso (January 2022 and September 2022), and Guinea (September 2021). Each of these coups was led by military officers angered by the presence of French and U.S. troops and by the permanent economic crises inflicted on their countries. This region of Africa—the Sahel—has faced a cascade of crises: the desiccation of the land due to the climate catastrophe, the rise of Islamic militancy due to the 2011 NATO war in Libya, the increase in smuggling networks to traffic weapons, humans, and drugs across the desert, the appropriation of natural resources—including uranium and gold—by Western companies that have simply not paid adequately for these riches, and the entrenchment of Western military forces through the construction of bases and the operation of these armies with impunity.

Two days after the coup, the CNSP announced the names of the 10 officers who lead the CNSP. They come from the entire range of the armed forces, from the army (General Mohamed Toumba) to the Air Force (Colonel Major Amadou Abouramane) to the national police (Deputy General Manager Assahaba Ebankawel). It is by now clear that one of the most influential members of the CNSP is General Salifou Mody, former chief of staff of the military and leader in the Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy, which led the February 2010 coup against President Mamadou Tandja and which governed Niger until Bazoum’s predecessor Mahamadou Issoufou won the 2011 presidential election. It was during Issoufou’s time in office that the United States government built the world’s largest drone base in Agadez and that the French special forces garrisoned the city of Irlit on behalf of the uranium mining company Orano (formerly a part of Areva).

It is important to note that General Salifou Mody is perceived as an influential member of CNSP given his influence in the army and his international contacts. On February 28, 2023, Mody met with the United States Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Mark Milley during the African Chiefs of Defense Conference in Rome to discuss “regional stability, including counterterrorism cooperation and the continued fight against violent extremism in the region.” On March 9, Mody visited Mali to meet with Colonel Assimi Goïta and the Chief of Staff of the Malian army General Oumar Diarra to strengthen military cooperation between Niger and Mali. A few days later on March 16, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken visited Niger to meet with Bazoum. In what many in Niger perceived as a sidelining of Mody, he was appointed on June 1 as the Nigerien ambassador to the United Arab Emirates. Mody, it is said in Niamey, is the voice in the ear of Brigadier General Tchiani, the titular head of state.

Corruption and the West

A highly informed source in Niger tells us that the reason why the military moved against Bazoum is that “he’s corrupt, a pawn of France. Nigerians were fed up with him and his gang. They are in the process of arresting the members of the deposed system, who embezzled public funds, many of whom have taken refuge in foreign embassies.” The issue of corruption hangs over Niger, a country with one of the world’s most lucrative uranium deposits. The “corruption” that is talked about in Niger is not about petty bribes by government officials, but about an entire structure—developed during French colonial rule—that prevents Niger from establishing sovereignty over its raw materials and over its development.

At the heart of the “corruption” is the so-called “joint venture” between Niger and France called Société des mines de l’Aïr (Somaïr), which owns and operates the uranium industry in the country. Strikingly, 85 percent of Somaïr is owned by France’s Atomic Energy Commission and two French companies, while only 15 percent is owned by Niger’s government. Niger produces over 5 percent of the world’s uranium, but its uranium is of a very high quality. Half of Niger’s export receipts are from sales of uranium, oil, and gold. One in three lightbulbs in France are powered by uranium from Niger, at the same time as 42 percent of the African country’s population lived below the poverty line. The people of Niger have watched their wealth slip through their fingers for decades. As a mark of the government’s weakness, over the course of the past decade, Niger has lost over $906 million in only 10 arbitration cases brought by multinational corporations before the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes and the International Chamber of Commerce.

France stopped using the franc in 2002 when it switched to the Euro system. But, fourteen former French colonies continued to use the Communauté Financiére Africaine (CFA), which gives immense advantages to France (50 percent of the reserves of these countries have to be held in the French Treasury and France’s devaluations of the CFA—as in 1994—have catastrophic effects on the country’s that use it). In 2015, Chad’s president Idriss Déby Itno said that the CFA “pulls African economies down” and that the “time had come to cut the cord that prevents Africa from developing.” Talk now across the Sahel is for not only the removal of French troops—as has taken place in Burkina Faso and in Mali—but of a break with the French economic hold on the region.

The New Non-Alignment

At the 2023 Russia-Africa Summit in July, Burkina Faso’s leader, President Ibrahim Traoré wore a red beret that echoed the uniform of the assassinated socialist leader of his country, Thomas Sankara. Traoré reacted strongly to the condemnation of the military coups in the Sahel, including to a recent visit to his country by an African Union delegation. “A slave that does not rebel does not deserve pity,” he said. “The African Union must stop condemning Africans who decide to fight against their own puppet regimes of the West.”

In February, Burkina Faso had hosted a meeting that included the governments of Mali and Guinea. On the agenda is the creation of a new federation of these states. It is likely that Niger will be invited into these conversations.