10 Sept 2016

Media misinformation and the US election’s war agenda

Bill Van Auken

The arrest Thursday of two North Carolina men on charges that they successfully hacked the online computer accounts of CIA Director John Brennan, the deputy FBI director and other senior American officials, as well as the computer systems of the Justice Department and other agencies, has cast a revealing light on a central theme promoted by the Hillary Clinton camp and the US media in the 2016 presidential election campaign.
Last July, WikiLeaks posted some 20,000 Democratic National Committee emails that included a damaging exposure of the DNC’s attempt to rig the party’s primaries in favor of Clinton and against her rival Bernie Sanders. Ever since then, Clinton and the media have insisted that the source of the leak was Russian intelligence, and that this was evidence of an attempt by Russian President Vladimir Putin to interfere in the US election.
In the first instance, this allegation, which was a virtually instantaneous response to the leak, was used to quash any discussion of the actual content of the emails, which provided genuine evidence of the Democratic Party establishment’s interference in the process. Then, as Clinton executed a sharp pivot to the right, it formed a foundation of her attempt to portray Republican rival Donald Trump as a dupe of the Kremlin and an unreliable candidate for directing US war aims.
This narrative was promoted enthusiastically by the New York Times, which published wholly unsubstantiated “news” stories citing unnamed US officials claiming a “high degree of confidence” that the source of the emails was Russia. This in turn fed editorial columns, such as that of the Times’ Paul Krugman, describing Trump as the “Siberian candidate.” As is often the case, the rest of the media followed the lead of the Times, the lack of a single fact to back up these allegations notwithstanding.
What this week’s arrests in North Carolina make clear is that the hacking of the DNC’s emails did not require the resources of Russian intelligence. The charges against the two men are still unproven. Clearly, however, they indicate that there are many, many individuals with the skill sets needed to carry out that kind of data breach, and undoubtedly many of them with more direct motives than Vladimir Putin for exposing the dirty machinations of the Democratic Party and the Clinton campaign.
The affidavit in support of the arrests submitted by the FBI in a federal district court in Alexandria, Virginia, identified the two defendants as Andrew Otto Boggs, 22, and Justin Gray Liverman, 24, who are said to be part of a “conspiracy,” i.e., a hackers’ group, that identified itself as “Crackas with Attitude.”
Other members of this “conspiracy,” who were not charged in the US, were two 17-year-old and one 15-year-old British youths, who were identified by their online aliases: “Cracka,” “Derp,” and “Cubed.”
Between them they were able to access the emails, voicemails and online accounts of the head of the CIA, the number-two man at the FBI, as well as officials at the White House, the Department of Homeland Security and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Presumably, similar individuals, without the backing of Russia’s FSB or any other intelligence agency, would have been able to do the same thing in relation to the DNC.
There is ample reason to believe that the charges of Russian interference have been made up out of whole cloth. The aim here is not only to further the electoral strategy of Hillary Clinton, who is seeking to win the election by attacking Trump from the right and locking in the support of both the Republican Party establishment and Washington’s immense military-intelligence complex. It is also to further the anti-Russia agenda that is today the focal point of US imperialist global strategy, while preparing public opinion for the prospect of war.
The New York Times today functions openly and unabashedly as a mouthpiece for both this Clinton campaign strategy and these broader geostrategic aims of US imperialism. It carries out this rotten role under the guiding hand of state-connected figures like the paper’s new editorial page editor, James Bennett, whose brother is a US Senator from Colorado and whose father was an assistant secretary of state and head of the US Agency for International Development, which has long served as a front for the CIA.
That these elements will not tolerate any diversion by the media from the official line being propagated by the Times was made clear in the paper’s hysterical reaction to the “Commander-in-Chief Forum” broadcast by NBC on Wednesday. A Times editorial published Friday, headlined “A Debate Disaster Waiting to Happen,” went after the moderator of the event, NBC’s Matt Lauer, insinuating that he was guilty of both negligence and bias.
Lauer, according to the Times, “neglected to ask penetrating questions, call out falsehoods or insist on answers when it was obvious that Mr. Trump’s responses had drifted off.” It went on to charge that he “seemed most energized interrogating Mrs. Clinton about her use of a personal email server while secretary of state.”
Lauer, a talk show host and news anchor, was no better nor worse than any of the other media talking heads in terms of questioning the two candidates. Little was revealed by the broadcast, outside of the subservience of both parties, the media and the entire US political setup to American militarism.
However, if Lauer is to be accused of having dropped the ball by failing to go after Trump, he should also be indicted for failing to confront Clinton over the barefaced lies she spouted before the audience of military veterans.
She defended her enthusiastic backing for the war of aggression that devastated Libya by recycling the proven lie that it was needed to stop an imminent massacre.
She told the audience, “We are not putting ground troops into Iraq ever again. And we’re not putting ground troops into Syria.” This, under conditions in which there already close to 6,000 troops deployed in Iraq and several hundred in Syria. Clinton has herself repeatedly declared her support for establishing a “no-fly zone” in Syria, which would entail a massive escalation of US military intervention and a greatly heightened threat of direct military confrontation with Russia.
If there is an indictment to be made of the NBC forum, it applies with equal if not greater force to the Times and the entire US media. It has deliberately concealed the growing threat of global war, even as the US elections unfold under conditions of escalating tensions in the Middle East and increasingly reckless military brinksmanship by US imperialism on Russia’s borders and in the South China Sea.
If there is one line of questioning Lauer should have pursued with both big-business candidates it is the following: What do you think will be consequences of a war with Russia or China? What do you think the US and the rest of the planet will look like the day after it begins? What portion of humanity do you expect will survive?
Of course no one in the corporate-controlled media is interested in raising the real dangers confronting the masses of working people in the US and around the world. Instead, they are engaged in deliberately covering them up.
This makes all the more important the role of the World Socialist Web Site in exposing these threats and developing a political strategy to guide the fight against war; and all the more vital the support of its readers in sustaining the WSWS and laying the basis for the continuous expansion of its coverage and global reach.

9 Sept 2016

230 Hong Kong PhD Fellowship Scheme for International Students 2017/2018

Application Deadline: opens from 1st September 2016 to 1st December 2016 | 
Offered Annually? Yes
Research Grants Council (RGC) of Hong Kong offers PhD Fellowship to International students 2017-2018
The Hong Kong PhD Fellowship Scheme (HKPFS), established in 2009 by the Research Grants Council (RGC), aims at attracting the best and brightest students in the world to pursue their PhD programmes in Hong Kong’s institutions. About 200 PhD Fellowships will be awarded each academic year. For awardees who need more than three years to complete the PhD degree, additional support may be provided by the chosen institutions. The financial aid is available for any field of study.
Fellowship Worth
The Hong Kong PhD Fellowship provides an annual stipend of HK$240,000 (approximately US$30,000) and a conference and research-related travel allowance of HK$10,000 (approximately US$1,300) per year to each awardee for a period of up to three years. More than 230 PhD Fellowships will be awarded in the 2017/18 academic year*. For awardees who need more than three years to complete their PhD studies, additional support may be provided by the chosen institutions. For details, please contact the institutions concerned directly.
* Institutions in Hong Kong normally start their academic year in September.
Eligibility: Candidates who are seeking admission as new full time PhD students in the following eight institutions, irrespective of their country of origin, prior work experience, and ethnic background, should be eligible to apply.
  • City University of Hong Kong
  • Hong Kong Baptist University
  • Lingnan University
  • The Chinese University of Hong Kong
  • The Hong Kong Institute of Education
  • The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
  • The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
  • The University of Hong Kong
Applicants should demonstrate outstanding qualities of academic performance, research ability / potential, communication and interpersonal skills, and leadership abilities.
Selection Criteria: While candidates’ academic excellence is the primary consideration, the Selection Panels will take into account factors as follows:
  • Academic excellence;
  • Research ability and potential;
  • Communication and interpersonal skills; and
  • Leadership abilities.
Number of Scholarships: More than 230 PhD Fellowships will be awarded in the 2015/17 academic year
Selection Panel: Shortlisted applications, subject to their areas of studies, will be reviewed by one of the following two Selection Panels comprising experts in the relevant board areas:
  • sciences, medicine, engineering and technology
  • humanities, social sciences and business studies
Application Process: Eligible candidates should first make an Initial Application online through the Hong Kong PhD Fellowship Scheme Electronic System (HKPFSES) to obtain anHKPFS Reference Number by 1 December 2016 at Hong Kong Time 12:00:00 before submitting applications for PhD admission to their desired universities.
Applicants may choose up to two programmes / departments at one or two universities for PhD study under HKPFS 2017/18. They should comply with the admission requirements of their selected universities and programmes.
As the deadlines for applications to some of the universities may immediately follow that of the Initial Application, candidates should submit initial applications as early as possible to ensure that they have sufficient time to submit applications to universities.
Visit Scholarship webpage for more details

Carnegie Corporation of New York Fellowships for Sub-Saharan African Countries, 2017/2018

Application Deadline: Online application must be submitted by 18th November 2016 |
 Offered annually? Yes
Fellowship Name: Next Generation Social Sciences in Africa.
Brief description: The Social Science Research Council is funding three types of fellowships to support the completion of doctoral degrees and to promote next generation social science research in Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. The fellowships support dissertation research on peace, security, and development topics.
The fellowships are:
  • Doctoral Dissertation Research Fellowship
  • Doctoral Dissertation Proposal Fellowship
  • Doctoral Dissertation Completion Fellowship
Field of Study: The fellowships support dissertations and research on peace, security and development topics.
About the Fellowships: The programme, launched in June 2011, responds to a shortage of experienced faculty in African higher education. The Next Generation Social Sciences in Africa program provides fellowships to nurture the intellectual development and increase retention of early-career faculties in Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda.
The doctoral dissertation research fellowship supports 6-12 months of dissertation research costs of up to US$15,000 on a topic related to peace, security, and development.
Proposal development fellowships are intended to support doctoral students working on developing a doctoral dissertation research proposal as well as students who recently completed a master’s degree and seek to enroll in a PhD program.
The doctoral dissertation completion fellowship supports a one-year leave from teaching responsibilities and a stipend up to US$15,000 to permit the completion of a dissertation that advances research on peace, security, and development topics.
The programme assists fellows to develop research opportunities and skills, obtain doctoral degrees, and participate in robust research communities. Toward this end, the project features a thematic focus in order to renew basic research agendas addressing peace, security, and development topics as well as strengthen interdisciplinary social science research capacity on these issues.
Offered Since: June 2011
Type: PhD research level.
Selection Criteria: Strong proposals will offer clear and concise descriptions of the project and its significance. Proposals should display a thorough knowledge of the relevant social science literature that applicants will engage and the methodologies relevant to the project. In addition, applicants must demonstrate that all proposed activities are feasible and can be completed in a timely manner. All proposals will be evaluated for these criteria by an independent, international committee of leading scholars from a range of social science disciplines.
Fellows must be willing to attend two workshops sponsored by the SSRC each year that are intended to help early-career faculty produce scholarly publications. We anticipate awarding as many as 45 fellowships in total across all categories each year.
Eligibility: All candidates must:
  • be citizens of and reside in a sub-Saharan African country
  • hold a master’s degree
  • be enrolled in a PhD program at an accredited university in Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, or Uganda
  • have an approved dissertation research proposal
As of May 2015, the program prioritizes applicants holding a faculty position or demonstrating a durable commitment to higher education, but does not restrict eligibility to such individuals.
The program seeks to promote diversity and encourages women to apply.
Number of Fellowships: 45 fellowships are awarded each year.
Value of Fellowships: 
  • The doctoral dissertation research fellowship supports research costs of up to US$15,000 on a topic related to peace, security, and development.
  • The doctoral dissertation proposal fellowship supports short-term research costs of up to US$3,000 to develop a doctoral dissertation proposal.
  • The doctoral dissertation completion fellowship supports a one-year leave from teaching responsibilities and a stipend up to US$15,000 to permit the completion of a dissertation that advances research on peace, security, and development topics.
Duration of Fellowship: Fellowships are offered each year. The doctoral dissertation research fellowship is about 6-12 months
Eligible Countries: Citizens of and reside in a sub-Saharan African country while holding a current faculty position at an accredited college or university in Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, or Uganda
How to Apply: All applications must be submitted using the online application portal.
Sponsors: Carnegie Corporation of New York

Libeling Leakers: Julian Assange, Wikileaks and the Russian “Connection”

Binoy Kampmark

What was the New York Times thinking in making the suggestion? Evidently, its patriotic sense has been affronted by the disclosures from WikiLeaks that have sprinkled more than a bit of dust on Hillary Clinton’s presidential campaign. In doing so, Julian Assange and the organisation, so claimed the paper, had wangled its way into the Kremlin’s agenda.
Easy to ignore is the fact that the Clinton campaign remains sordidly compromised, a derelict reminder of political atrophy in an already miserable desert of options. When reality television populism starts looking good, we know how cruelly empty that desert has become.
This fearful Grey Lady of the fourth estate, self proclaimed paper of record, has tended to bungle at crucial points in its long history. While it has to be credited with a role in the fall of President Richard Nixon and Watergate, it has also moved into the realm of chest beating (at or least patting) and judgment, when deemed necessary.
Two forces have featured in this chest thumping, though neither can be said to be equivalent. Russia and WikiLeaks have both been mentioned in the context of US politics, supposedly keeping company. The analysis of this connection firstly makes the rather trite assumption that Russia might be involved in manipulating the scene, which then follows with questions about the WikiLeaks “connection”.
This connection was supposedly consecrated by the release of 20,000 emails belonging to the Democratic National Committee timed to perfection. The DNC Chair, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, tendered her resignation in light of its revelations. “To say that this is an unflattering portrayal of Team Clinton,” observed John R. Schindler, “is like saying the Titanic had issues with ice” (Observer, Jul 25).
What Schindler went on to assume was that the source of those leaks had been Russian intelligence. “[I[ndependent cybersecurity experts easily assessed [this] as being the work of Russian intelligence through previous known cutouts.” Callouts were given to COZY BEAR or APT 29, and FANCY BEAR or APT 28, hacking groups assumed to have a Kremlin connection, if not drive. Schindler makes the rather silly point that signing off a hack with a Russian name in Cyrillic suggests anything at all. How shallow the monolingual world is, by nature.
Schindler’s analytical imagination then falters in attempting to link the dots. In releasing material that has a provenance to Russian hackers, “WikiLeaks is doing Moscow’s bidding and has placed itself in bed with Vladimir Putin.”
The language is a neat libel assuming that an organisation that releases material provided to it by an individual, or entity, is then doing that body’s bidding, all body and consciousness, as a subservient political instrument. WikiLeaks has, in fact, shown itself to be very much independent, much to the irritation of governments and in certain instances its supporters. The devil’s work is often trying.
At the New York Times, the strategy and outlook adopted by Schindler is replicated. The first is demonising Russia as a disinformation giant, weaponising information to weaken opponents. Neil MacFarquhar is certainly one captivated with the notion that Russia has that “powerful weapon” which he calls “the spread of false stories.” (How frightfully original.)
One particular suggestion, pitched on Aug 28, was that the Swedish debate about whether it should join NATO was corrupted by Moscow-driven disinformation, among them suggestions that the state might become custodian of nuclear weapons; or that Russia might be attacked from Swedish soil “without government approval”. These contentions are never directly addressed.
Even MacFarquhar had to accepting that finding the provenance in the rich undergrowth of networks and information over such claims was nigh impossible. The Swedish defence minister had not made an official statement about it, but that did not stop the remark that “numerous analysts and experts in American and European intelligence point to Russia as the prime suspect”.
Imbuing networks of information with personality, notably of the negative sort, has become something of a pastime.  Alex Gibney personifies this pattern. Not that he is entirely being the mad hatter towards Wikileaks. His relationship, like many with Julian Assange, is thorny. And it shows.
While conceding that much was appropriate in leaking the documents on the DNC, he finds imputing darker aims to Assange irresistible. Incapable of accepting that the salient criterion here should be what the material reveals, he has to go to motive, imputing the sinister and the calculating. When it came to the dance of manipulations taking place in the DNC, Gibney could only obsess about why WikiLeaks did it.
Rather than worrying about the US as sick patient, bacterially infected by an environment that has produced a Clinton-Trump race, he ponders the motives of Assange. Was the Australian national in bed with Russian intelligence?
“We still don’t know who leaked the DNC archive, but given Mr. Assange’s past association with Russia, it wouldn’t surprise me to learn that it was a Russian agent or an intermediary.” What we don’t know can always be a nice precursor to pure, post-factoid speculation. Slander comes easily to Gibney, as it does to the other coterie of analysts who have attempted to understand Assange’s world.
All doubts about the New York Times on this interpretation were alleviated by a piece (Aug 31) authored by Jo Becker, Steven Erlanger and Eric Schmitt, that suggested that “Russia often benefits when Julian Assange reveals the West’s secrets.”
Here, the slander is drawn that converts Assange into an anti-Western force, with an agenda that dovetails with that of the Kremlin. Forget how rotten the state of the union is – focus on Assange and his motives, that he does not criticise other powers – such as Russia. As WikiLeaks retorted, the organisation “has published more than 650,000 documents about Russian [sic] & president Putin, most of which is critical.”
Perhaps it might be better to keep referring back to the content of the material released, with all its onerous implications, rather than the imaginary motivations of the man releasing it. The proof lies in the released, rather hot pudding, not the individual who released the recipe.

Syria: Potential Fuse For Greater Conflagration

Eresh Omar Jamal


As the world is now well aware, Syria has been consumed by violence for years now. What people are less aware of, however, is why it has been raging for so long. According to the western narrative, the Syrian conflict — the deadliest conflict of the 21st century — started with Assad’s forces violently clamping down on peaceful oppositions and protestors in March 2011, and will not end until the dictator, Assad, is removed from power, which is why they have vowed to continue their support for what they say are the legitimate democratic opposition groups.
The alternative narrative, mainly propagated by Assad and governments outside the western alliance bloc — Russia, China, etc. — is that outside forces are funding, arming and training violent opposition groups, to bring about regime change in Syria, which is keeping the conflict ongoing, and has nothing to do with bringing democracy to Syria.
Before digging deeper, it is important to remember that some of the same allegations that are now being made against Assad — of being a dictator, oppressing his own people, etc. — were also made against Saddam Hussein and Muammar Gaddafi prior to the interventions in both Iraq and Libya. Other allegations later proven to be false — Saddam having weapons of mass destruction, for example — were also made by the accusers, who, ironically, had good relations with both Saddam and Gaddafi, prior to condemning them.
What has followed those interventions is now as clear as day. Libya, which was the richest country in Africa before the intervention, is now a failed state. Iraq has had no end to violence since the 2003 intervention and is also a failed state.
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Despite the disastrous interventions in Iraq and Libya and the fact that the majority of Syrians, even according to western polls, support Assad, (Le Figaro poll: Over 70 percent want Syria’s Assad to remain in power, RT, October 31, 2015) the West has kept insisting that ‘Assad must go’ in the ‘interest of democracy’. And to justify their stance, western governments have pointed to several atrocities allegedly committed by Assad against his own people. Some of which are, at best, dubious.
Take the West’s allegation of Assad using chemical weapons in March 2013 for instance. In a report titled “Possible Implications of Faulty US Technical Intelligence,” Richard Lloyd, a former United Nations weapons inspector, and Theodore Postol, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, after examining the delivery rocket’s design, concluded that the Sarin gas “could not possibly have been fired at East Ghouta from the ‘heart’, or from the Eastern edge, of the Syrian government controlled area”. Their claim has also been backed by others, including US missile experts (MIT study of Ghouta chemical attack challenges US intelligence, RT, January 16, 2014). Meanwhile, Die Welt a German daily reported that “the British secret service was in possession of a sampling of the used Sarin [on August 21, 2013, in Ghouta]. An analysis [of which] showed it not to be Sarin from the Syrian regime, but from the inventory of al-Nusra.”
This indicates that western governments, through their intelligence wings, knew that Assad may not have been responsible for the attack, as concluded by the UN’s Carla Del Ponte (UN’s Carla Del Ponte says there is evidence rebels ‘may have used sarin’ in Syria, The Independent, May 6, 2013).
Why then did the West try to justify an intervention in Syria under that pretext? Why does it keep insisting then that it must have been Assad, without any conclusive evidence? It may have something to do with Assad’s refusal to let a Qatari pipeline run through Syria, as I argued in my article ‘Why Turkey is so important’ published by The Daily Star on August 17. With that in mind, the West has admittedly supported what they call ‘moderate opposition groups’ such as the Free Syrian Army and others.
However, according to former CIA officer Ray McGovern, the groups that the US is funding are not really moderates but are considered to be extremists by many (‘US pretends there are moderates in Syria, Russia understands they are all terrorists’, RT, August 27). Syrians too seem to feel the same. A survey conducted by the Opinion Research Business International found that 81 percent of Syrians believe that ISIS “is a foreign/American made group”. Such suspicions may not be totally baseless.
As a former director of the US National Security Agency, General William Odom once remarked, “the US has long used terrorism” to achieve its objectives… “In 1978-79 the Senate was trying to pass a law against international terrorism — in every version they produced, the lawyers said the US would be in violation” (America Created Al-Qaeda and the ISIS Terror Group, Centre for Research on Globalisation, September 19, 2014). On the British side, former Foreign Secretary Robin Cook similarly wrote a column for The Guardian in which he remarked that “Al Qaeda was unquestionably a product of Western intelligence agencies” (The struggle against terrorism cannot be won by military means, July 8, 2005).
Even the New York Times reported on March 14, 2015, that “[the CIA] has sometimes inadvertently financed the very militants it is fighting”. That their support was actually ‘inadvertent’, however, is quite hard to believe. As according to the Financial Times (London), militants in Syria were being supported by regional powers and “The Americans, of course, knew what was going on… [but had] ignored it”. That too, despite recognising Assad’s popularity in their own assessment report which was unearthed by the Information Clearing House; (NATO Data: Assad Winning the War for Syrians’ Hearts, June 4, 2013) refusing to sway from its seemingly crumbling narrative.
I say crumbling because many high ranking officials within western administrations have already broken free from it. They include the likes of General Wesley Clark, former Supreme Allied Commander Europe of NATO, who said on CNN that “ISIS got started through funding from our [America’s] friends and allies”. Former US Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Martin Dempsey, who told Congress in 2014, in response to a question by Republican Senator Lindsay Graham that “I know [of] major Arab allies [to the US] who fund them [ISIS]”. Former head of the US Defence Intelligence Agency, Michael T. Flynn, who admitted to Mehdi Hasan on Al-Jazeera in 2015 that it was a “wilful decision” by the US government to support an insurgency [ISIS] composed of “Salafists, Al-Qaeda and Al-Nusra”, among others.
And although this in itself is concerning, what is of even more so is the refusal on part of western governments to back down from its aim to remove Assad despite Russia entering the fray. Because now we have Russia doing air raids in Syria after being requested to do so by the Syrian government. We have NATO countries doing their air raids, ‘illegally under international law’, as they have not been invited by the Syrian government to enter its airspace, nor been given permission to do so by the UN Security Council. Turkey reportedly has entered Syria recently, allegedly, by some, to fight ISIS, and by others, to fight the Kurds. China said that they too are going to increase their involvement in Syria to help the government fight extremists.
What this means is that Syria is quickly turning into a powder-keg that can blow up any minute, leading to a much greater conflagration. Thus, it is best now for all sides to let cooler heads prevail rather than escalate the violence that has already led to millions of Syrians fleeing the war-torn country as refugees — contributing to the displacement of the highest number of people since the end of World War II — any further.
The super-powers involved have a special responsibility in that regard, as it is the unimaginable suffering of the Syrian people, who have, perhaps, had the least say in all of this, that is the greatest tragedy humanity is facing by allowing the crisis to perpetuate for this long.

African Union: The West’s Gendarme In Africa

Thomas C. Mountain


The African Union is the west’s gendarme in Africa with it’s combined national armed forces increasingly primed to invade and occupy rather than keep the peace. The latest potential victim of the African Union, backed by its big brother, the UN, is South Sudan. Before that Burundi was threatened with invasion by the AU “peacekeepers”. And this is just the beginning of a list of intended targets and actual invasions and occupations.
The African Union has its corrupt, western funded hands in almost every dirty war on the continent, ranging from the invasion of Somalia (and the subsequent spawning of Al Shabab) to the war in Azawad (Mali) to the most dirty of them all, the carnage in the Congo.
A lot of flowery rhetoric is spoken by and about the AU but the historical record tells a far different story. To start with, the AU’s predecessor, the OAU, was founded in Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia while Ethiopia was a colonial power fighting an anti-independence war against the Eritreans, a war that would see success for Eritrea in 1991. Remember now, the OAU was founded as an “anti-colonial” organization so heaquartering the organization in Addis Ababa launched the outfit two faced from the start.
Addis Ababa itself is founded on the Oromian town of Finefine, captured by Abyssinian Imperialism (Europeans weren’t the only empire builders in Africa), colonized, and annexed to the ethnic Amhara/Abyssinian ruled empire.
The Abyssinians, or Ethiopians, colonized the Oromo peoples in the Horn of Africa along with the Anuak, Bengul, Sidhama, Afars, Somali/Ogadeni and Tigrayans (amongst others) in creating the modern Abyssinian empire of the Menelik and Haile Sellasie line which was ended by the military coup of 1974.
The Oromo, whom make up 40% of the Ethiopian population are the largest nationality in Africa with their language being the second most popular on the continent. Colonizing these once proud and mighty people was no small feat, requiring decades and large amounts of european weaponry supplied mainly by the Italians. No matter the bravery and daring of it’s mounted calvary, for which the Oromos were greatly feared by their enemies, firearms will eventually overcome spears and arrows, and the defeat of the Oromo by the Abyssinians began one of the largest, most barbaric, genocidal even, destruction’s of a people in history.
Off to a bad start the OAU continued through out the 1960’s, 70’s and 80’s to spout righteous words of African independence all the while overseeing or standing idly buy as western interests raped and pillaged our continent all in the name of “democracy and sovereignty”. The OAU actively supported the Ethiopian counter insurgency against the Eritrean independence fighters right up until Eritrean rebel tanks drove through the gates of Addis Ababa and chased the Soviet, backed dictator Mengistu out of the country.
Eventually the OAU morphed into the African Union and its role as the gendarme in Africa came to the fore. In 1998 Ethiopia invaded Eritrea, an egregious violation of the AU’s charter never mind Ethiopian goons ransacking the Eritrean Embassy and brutalizing Eritrean diplomats in Addis Ababa, all with the quiet acquiesense of the AU leadership.
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During the subsequent two year war, while Ethiopian troops were raping and pillaging their way across the Eritrean countryside the AU sat on its hands and did nothing to stop this crime, instead secretly supplied aid and comfort to the Ethiopian regime.
Today, while the western backed Tigrayan ethnic minority regime in Ethiopia is tottering and its Agazi death squads open fire on Oromo and Amhara demonstrators, killing thousands across the heart of Ethiopia, the AU stands silent or when pressed, mutters a few words of the need for non violence by both sides.
And all the while AU sponsored soldiers in Somalia rape and murder, sell arms on the black market to their erstwhile enemies, Al Shabab, and in general smuggle and racketeer with the leadership of the AU turning a blind eye. And that’s just in Somalia, how many other AU sponsored armies from the Congo to the Central African Republic to Mali are supposedly “keeping the peace” is some of the most violence wracked places on the planet?
Being the west’s gendarme in Africa comes with a cost, for where there is oppression there will be resistance and the AU is heading for a crisis. It’s host, the Ethiopian regime, seems to be nearing its end and Africa’s largest nation, the Oromo, have seen the light of liberation at the end of a long very dark tunnel. The scent of freedom and independence is in the air mingling with the smoke of street fires fronting blockaded roads.
Do the western funded AU fat cats at their desks in Addis Ababa think the eventually independent Oromos will continue to welcome the AU in their hard won new capital of Finefine a.k.a. Addis Ababa? Or will the AU,, the west’s gendarme in Africa, call for troops to invade and occupy a newly independent Oromia? Or any of the rest of the Ethiopian nationalities crying out for freedom and independence, as they try to cut themselves loose from the decaying corpse of the Abyssinian Empire.

Fragility in Pakistan

Rana Banerji


The US based non-profit organisation, Fund for Peace (FFP), which works to prevent conflict and to promote sustainable security by building relationships and trust across diverse sectors, annually prepares a Fragile States Index (FSI). It has listed Pakistan in the `High Alert’ category, evaluating key aspects of the social, economic, and political environment there over time. 

The FFP examines circumstances behind the conflict landscape worldwide. This includes a detailed study of social indicators, demographic pressures, condition of refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs), factors behind uneven economic development, political and military conditions, and the impact of external intervention factors, including foreign aid.

Political & Military indicators
The recent (08 August 2016) terror attack in Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan, provides the best illustration of how the Pakistani military elite continue to remain in denial. They described it as a conspiracy for subverting the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Such obfuscation not only trivialises the death of so many and loss of the cream of Baloch intelligentsia and its legal fraternity, which has been very vocal and active in raising issues like enforced disappearances, it also reflects a muddled approach towards meeting the challenge of terrorism.

The functioning of the parliament in Pakistan continues to remain superfluous or irrelevant, at best of times a rubber stamp. In the aftermath of Quetta, when some important parliamentarians and political leaders from Balochistan questioned a possible security lapse and demanded that Pakistan's Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif make the heads of the security institutions accountable, they were viciously attacked from many sides, including by important members of cabinet.
 
Parliamentarians, particularly of non-Punjabi origin, feel they have no right to criticise the security agencies of the country on the floor of the house.As if that was not enough, high level meetings after the Quetta tragedy decided to appoint monitoring committees to oversee implementation of the National Action Plan (NAP).

These committees will be constituted from different government departments and agencies, without even any pretence of parliamentary oversight. The parliament is handy as a factory for producing draconian laws (law for controlling cyber-crime is the latest example) but it has been unable to evolve into a forum for formulating policies or overseeing their implementation.
 
The security apparatus should have a monopoly on use of legitimate force. The social contract is weakened where affected by competing groups. Extremist ideologies such as Salafism and Takfirism that inspire religious extremism and terrorism were mainstreamed during the Zia martial law years (1977-1988). These have yet to be fully and honestly confronted. So far, nothing seems to have changed in terms of policy of selecting between`good’ and `bad’ Taliban. The civilian facade of the security state is too weak to assert itself.While carrying this baggage, how can the state implement any consistent anti-terrorist policy?
 
Corruption in government has persisted, both in its civilian and military complements. The initial furore over the Panama Papers leaks’ enquiry seems to have petered into a stalemate. 

When human rights are violated or unevenly protected, the state is failing in its ultimate responsibility. In the context of the refugees’ movement to Europe, Pakistan is listed at the high end with a rating of almost 9, with only Afghanistan among regional countries figuring at a higher score.

Economy
The government’s economic policy remains largely debt-driven, with debt servicing and repayment taking increasing shares of the federal budget each year. Total public debt continues to be well above 60 per cent. Though Finance Minister Ishaq Dar announced Pakistan’s intention to bid goodbye to International Monetary Fund (IMF) assistance very soon, with the IMF programme drawing to a close and earlier debts maturing, debts from the IMF increased by 54.5 per cent.
   
Budgetary allocations for debt servicing and repayment have seen a steady rise over the last few years. The provision of adequate budgetary allocations for health, education, and sanitation services - key roles of the state - remain stymied due to over-emphasis on defence and debt servicing. For the fiscal year 2016-17, total debt and liabilities have increased by 12.7 per cent, now making up 73 per cent of the GDP. Compared to the previous year, there has been a 12.4 per cent increase in the total debt stock during July-March (FY16). Debt accumulation has an inflationary impact, which is adverse for short-term financial stability.

On the revenue front, while both tax and non-tax revenue targets have been reportedly achieved during the outgoing year, there has been no significant shift in direct and indirect tax shares. Instead, there has been hefty rise in the use of withholding taxes (WHT) to meet revenue needs. Little attention has been paid to expanding the tax base and alleviating poverty through a systemic shift to progressive taxation of rural and urban elites.

Though these parameters seem to justify the FFP’s evaluation, we in India, can hardly take any solace from the findings. India is listed at `Elevated Warning’ stage with a score of 79.6 compared to Pakistan’s 101.7. Sri Lanka is shown as the most improved state in 2016 under the FFP’s Conflict Assessment System Tool (CAST) rating. India is behind Bangladesh and Bhutan as well. A sobering thought!

Spanish economic recovery through savaging workers’ living standards

James Lerner

Even as months of manoeuvres aimed at installing a new government in Spain grind on, the country’s media and political parties have enshrined as undisputed truth the country’s emergence, safe and sound, from the economic downturn.
According to official accounts, the post-2008 recession is nothing more than a bad memory. The fact that millions have been plunged into poverty is of little concern for the ruling elite and upper middle class layers. Throughout the crisis their wealth has soared as the result of a sustained, European Union-backed offensive against Spanish workers to depress wages, worsen working conditions and extract record profits.
Spain is now among the top 10 countries with more than 1,000 people classified as super-rich. The gap between the highest and the lowest incomes has risen to between 40 and 50 percent, making Spain the advanced capitalist country where inequality has grown most sharply since the onset of the economic crisis in 2008.
The official story of the recovery begins with the headline figures:
Since the mild upturn in growth began in 2014, economic growth has been positive for 12 consecutive quarters, and the country’s budget deficits are now being financed on the cheap, with sovereign bonds yielding around 1 percent. Other favourable, conjunctural factors include the global fall in oil prices and negative interest rates, which have lowered mortgage payments.
Despite the euphoria over these figures, this cycle of mild economic growth is clearly flattening out and even starting to slip downwards as the year-on-year rate of growth in the second quarter fell to 3.2 percent, down from 3.4 percent in the first quarter. The 1.6 million jobs created so far fall well short of compensating for the 3 million jobs lost in the crisis up to 2013. The very slight recent uptick of wages in no way compensates for the 12 percent loss in household income.
The statistics relating to the labour market paint a clear picture, revealing that successive labour reforms of Socialist Party (PSOE) and Popular Party (PP) governments, combined with years of huge unemployment and unremitting austerity, have created a massive pool of cheap labour. These are “disposable” workers that employers can hire and fire at will.
Official figures show that wages in Spain have remained flat for no less than four years, at an average of €1,638 a month. In the worst paid sectors—the hotel and restaurant trade and retail industry, which account for a large majority of the new jobs—wages have declined. It is no surprise then that clothing retailer Amancio Ortega is the richest man in Europe and the wealthiest retailer in the world, with a net worth of $79.5 billion. Several billionaires have made their fortunes from these sectors.
The scale of the cut in workers’ income is enormous. The UGT trade union issued a report indicating that unpaid overtime of Spanish workers between 2010 and 2015 amounted to €12.5 billion in lost wages, and a loss of €3.5 billion for Spain’s social security system. The report estimated that unpaid overtime increased by a third in that period.
Spain leads Europe in the use of temporary contracts for hiring—4.6 million in 2015. No less than 95 percent of the contracts signed in July of this year were temporary. In 2015, temporary contracts accounted for 82.6 percent of applications for unemployment benefits. The official Economic and Social Council (CES) identified a pool of 648,400 people who rotate back and forth between a job and unemployment benefits during the year.
Temporary contracts are also becoming shorter and shorter. Currently, the average duration is 51 days, but the number of “ultra-short” contracts of less than one week is growing. That the ruling elite is determined these conditions are here to stay was made clear by Juan Rosell, the head of Spain’s main business association, who publicly stated recently, “A permanent and secure employment contract is a nineteenth-century concept.”
Young people make up a large proportion of the cheap pool of temporary and part-time workers. An extraordinary 92.3 percent of employed workers under the age of 30 have temporary contracts. Nearly 80 percent of youth temporary work is involuntary—that is, they are forced to accept temporary or part-time work when they would prefer to work full-time with a permanent contract.
This is not to mention that roughly half of Spain’s youth population remains unemployed.
The near universality of precarious, insecure working conditions among young people makes it nearly impossible for them to set up their own household, take out a loan or undertake other commitments.
Employers fully exploit workers’ fear of losing their jobs, in a situation where the unemployment rate is still above 20 percent and unemployment benefits and other forms of assistance have been slashed to the bone.
Figures rarely noted in the media include: 12 million people (out of 46.8 million) in Spain are at risk of poverty, 700,000 households have no income and 5 million people are unemployed. Unemployment increased by 14,435 people in August of this year, and the social security system lost 144,997 contributors.
In their outrage and search for a way to oppose this state of affairs, young workers have been led into a blind alley. The “indignados” (angry ones) movement which arose in 2011 won support as an initial, angry response to the hardship faced by working and middle class youth intensified by the austerity measures imposed by the PSOE government. But this movement could never challenge the capitalist profit system and its political parties because it was led by pseudo-left forces opposed to any such struggle. Their “no politics” demands sought to block the development of an independent programme, perspective and political leadership in opposition to capitalism.
The main leaders and spokespersons of the movement then made careers out of these protests, emerging as the new leaders of the pseudo-left parties and “social movements” that subsequently created Podemos in 2014. Since then, Podemos has suppressed the nascent rebellion among young people, providing an invaluable service to the ruling class in its pursuit of social counterrevolution.
The number of demonstrations, rallies and other spontaneous actions has plummeted since Podemos appeared on the scene. It has betrayed any struggle against deteriorating conditions and declared its support for the European Union, NATO and austerity, while seeking to project itself as a “progressive” face for Spanish capitalism. While Podemos continues to jockey for power, young people face either a bleak future of living in their parents’ home as “expendable” members of the cheap labour pool or the prospect of emigrating in a desperate search for work.

South Korea’s Hanjin Shipping bankruptcy has global impact

Ben McGrath

South Korea’s Hanjin Shipping is facing major restructuring after filing for bankruptcy protection last week. A Seoul court placed the world’s seventh largest cargo transportation line under court receivership on September 1, leading to worldwide disruptions at ports and terminals. The country’s shipping lines and shipbuilders have been struggling in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis and the drop in global trade.
On Tuesday, Hanjin announced it was able to secure 100 billion won (US$90.6 million) to begin unloading dozens of vessels around the world. Forty billion won will come from Hanjun chairman Cho Yang-ho’s personal wealth while 60 billion won will come from loans, using stakes in terminals such as that at Long Beach, California as collateral.
According to the company, 73 out of 141 ships had been left stranded at sea, unable to dock or offload their cargo amid fears the company would be unable to pay dock and port workers. “Hanjin called us and said, ‘We’re going bankrupt and we can’t pay any bills—so don’t bother asking,’” stated J. Kip Louttit, executive director of the Marine Exchange of Southern California, last week.
The injection of funds, however, will do little to help the company in the long run. At the end of June, Hanjin faced debt worth 6 trillion won (US$5.46 billion), which included operating losses of 228.9 billion won (US$208.6 million) in the second quarter of this year. The state-run Korea Development Bank (KDB), one of the company’s major creditors, rejected a company plan to raise 500 billion won (US$446 million), leading the company to seek court-led restructuring. Creditors in Singapore also seized one of the company’s vessels, the Hanjin Rome, on August 30, which also prompted the bankruptcy decision as Hanjin sought to protect its fleet.
South Korea’s export-driven economy already struggles with job losses at its shipbuilders, similarly undergoing restructuring, and high youth unemployment. “We decided quickly to begin court receivership for Hanjin Shipping, the country’s leading shipper and the world’s major container shipping line, given its presence in the local shipping industry and its impact on the economy as a whole,” said the Seoul Central District Court last week.
The bankruptcy has had a “ripple effect” on the global economy. Overall, there was a reported $14 billion worth of cargo on the stranded ships. Hanjin, for example, handles 20 percent and 40 percent of cargo for LG Electronics and Samsung Electronics respectively. The US Department of Agriculture also stated that Hanjin’s bankruptcy would cause shipping difficulties for the next two to three months.
Jonathon Gold, the vice president of supply chain and customs policy at the National Retail Federation, stated last week: “Retailers’ main concern is that there is millions of dollars’ worth of merchandise that needs to be on store shelves that could be impacted by this.”
“It is understandable that port terminal operators, railroads, trucking companies and others don’t want to do work for Hanjin if they are concerned they won’t get paid,” Gold continued. “However, we need all parties to work together to find solutions to move this cargo so it does not have a broader impact on the economy.”
Ports around the world have refused to accept Hanjin ships, including at Shanghai, China, Valenica, Spain, and at Long Beach in Southern California. The Port of Oakland continued unloading Hanjin ships, but refused to load US exports without payment first. Hanjin, which was also granted temporary bankruptcy protection in a United States court, handles about 8 percent of trans-Pacific US cargo, which normally includes auto parts, furniture, and pulp and paper products.
Hanjin Shipping has been struggling for several years. The company is part of the Hanjin Group, a chaebol (family-owned conglomerate) that also owns Korean Air. The airline purchased a 15.4 percent share in the shipping company for 250 billion won in 2013, following two years of consecutive losses. Korean Air purchased another 17.8 percent share in Hanjin the following year for 400 billion won. Both purchases were emergency measures to help stabilize the company.
In general, shipping companies continued to purchase vessels on the expectation that China’s economy would remain strong after 2008. However, the opposite occurred. “Well, China stumbled and global trade projections went nearly flat,” said Jock O’Connell, a trade adviser at Beacon Economics in Los Angeles. “All these shipping lines are stuck with large vessels and overcapacity.”
The impact on workers in South Korea and internationally was felt immediately. According to the union representing Hanjin workers, more than 1,000 crewmembers on the company’s ships were left at sea. As many as 10,000 jobs in the industry could be lost during restructuring, according to theKorea Times. Longshoremen at ports were unable to work. “The gates have been shut. Nobody is coming to work,” said Mark Jurisic, a business agent with the International Longshore and Warehouse Union, Local 13 at the Port of Long Beach. “Today we would have had 200 to 300 employees here.”
However, the labor unions in South Korea have backed the restructuring plans. The head of Hanjin Shipping’s labor union, Lee Yo-han, claimed “The union will actively respond to prevent difficulties in sailors lives” while also protecting jobs and improving working conditions.
However, instead of appealing to workers, especially those in the related shipbuilding industry who are also facing mass job losses, Hanjin’s union led demonstrations in Busan, South Korea’s second largest city, calling on the government and courts to intervene and protect the company. Hanjin handles 10 percent of the shipping through Busan.
The union is maneuvering workers into a dead end. Attempts to pressure political leaders or the courts are meant to prevent the independent movement of the South Korean working class. Hanjin Group, which controls Hanjin Shipping, is the eleventh largest chaebol in South Korea and the country’s largest shipping company. Chaebols and their leading officials regularly receive government protection from poor business decisions and criminal behavior.
South Korea’s shipbuilders, including industry leaders Hyundai Heavy, Samsung and Daewoo, are similarly undergoing restructuring, with workers facing the prospect of tens of thousands of job losses. The turmoil and complete lack of planning at all of these companies, coupled with their international impact, make clear the necessity for socialist control and reorganization of the economy.

German army steps up military intervention in Middle East

Johannes Stern

According to media reports, the German army is to massively expand its presence at the Incirlik air base in southeastern Turkey. The defence ministry under Ursula Von der Leyen has announced investments totalling €58 million.
According to Spiegel Online, €26 million is to be used to construct an airstrip for the Tornados stationed there and permanent accommodation for the troops. For an additional €30 million, the army will establish a mobile command centre for the deployment of the air force. For this, the building of a foundation will be necessary, which costs an additional €2 million.
The NATO Incirlik airbase is the main location from where the US-led air war in Syria and Iraq is waged, in which the German army has participated since last year with fighter jets, a warship, refuelling aircraft, satellite technology and up to 1,200 troops. The German Tornado pilots have flown approximately 500 reconnaissance missions since then.
The expansion of the airbase is part of a major intensification of German military offensives in the Middle East. Last Sunday, Germany sent a major shipment of weapons to the Kurdish Peshmerga in northern Iraq. According to the German army, it consisted of two Dingo I armoured vehicles, 1,500 G-36 machine guns, 2 million rounds of munitions and 100 Milan anti-tank rockets.
A recent report on the German navy’s official web site stated that the frigate Augsburg was “well prepared and with good weather … on its way to the Counter Daesh II mission.” Between December 2015 and March 2016, the German warship accompanied the French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle in an intervention allegedly aimed at ISIS in the Persian Gulf.
According to Bild am Sonntag, a further German contingent with AWACS reconnaissance aircraft will begin operating over Syria around the end of October. The mission was already agreed upon at NATO’s summit in Warsaw at the beginning of July. The German soldiers will also be stationed in Turkey.
With the sending of additional German troops and the extra investment in Incirlik, a relaxation in tensions between Berlin and Ankara appears to be taking place. Relations had reached a low-point in the wake of the attempted coup in July against Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, which was at least tacitly backed by sections of the ruling elite in the United States and Germany.
Prior to that, German-Turkish relations were badly damaged by the passage in June of a resolution in the German parliament (Bundestag) describing the murder of 1.5 million Armenians in the Ottoman Empire as “genocide.” Erdogan warned at the time that the initiative “could lead to a deterioration in diplomatic, economic, political and military relations between the two countries,” and prohibited Bundestag representatives from visiting the German troops stationed at Incirlik.
However, following the Turkish incursion to northern Syria and the concurrent visit of US Vice President Joseph Biden to Ankara at the latest, the German government has been attempting to rebuild its relationship with Turkey.
Last Friday, government spokesman Stefan Seibert distanced himself publicly from the Armenia resolution, stating that it was merely a declaration of intent by the Bundestag and “not legally binding.” On the sidelines of the G20 summit in Hangzhou, China, German Chancellor Angela Merkel (Christian Democratic Union, CDU) then met separately with Erdogan. At the same time, foreign minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier (Social Democratic Party, SPD) held talks with his Turkish counterpart Mevlüt ÇavuÅŸoÄŸlu.
At the beginning of the week, a spokesman for the German foreign ministry declared it would be “a good and correct step” if the next visit to Incirlik planned by German deputies in early October could take place. ÇavuÅŸoÄŸlu said of the procedure to Die Welt, “If Germany continues to behave as now, then we will consider it.” But he added threateningly, “If Germany tries to treat Turkey badly then that won’t be the case.”
A further dispute emerged on the following day. According to Deutsche Welle, an interview it had conducted with Turkish sports minister Akif ÇaÄŸatay Kılıç had been confiscated by his ministry. Kılıç merely claimed that he had not authorised it. According to the foreign ministry, German ambassador Martin Erdmann held “constructive” telephone discussions with the sports ministry.
On Thursday, the German government then announced Turkey had agreed to the visit of the deputies from the parliamentary defence committee to Incirlik. A note to that effect had been received by the Turkish foreign ministry. Steinmeier welcomed Ankara’s decision and added that now they had come “a bit” further. Behind the difficult attempts of the government to draw closer to Turkey, which are not supported unanimously within its own ranks, are a large number of strategic goals.
Firstly, notwithstanding the supply of weapons to the Kurdish Peshmerga, Germany views Turkey as its most important ally in the Middle East to enforce its imperialist interests—with increased independence from the US if necessary. Spiegel Online wrote that the expansion of Incirlik was “from the perspective of the military … urgently required.” Since the beginning of the German intervention, the air force had “parked their jets on US airfields, kept them overnight in temporary buildings and relied on allies for technical support during their reconnaissance flights.”
Another maxim of German foreign policy is the sealing off of Europe’s borders to refugees fleeing the war zones in the Middle East. This had “only been sustainably achieved with the EU-Turkey agreement,” stated Finance Minister Wolfgang Schäuble (CDU) on Tuesday in parliament. “While last August there were 100,000 people counted for the month, this August we had around 18,000.” This “reduction of 80 percent in one year” was an “achievement that some would not have expected within a year.”
German imperialism intends to be present and fully involved in the division of the spoils when the regime change operation in Syria being sought by the Western powers is achieved.
On Wednesday, a German delegation participated in the “Syria Conference” in London organised by the “High Negotiations Commission.” ÇavuÅŸoÄŸlu stated there that to defeat ISIS a ground offensive against the city of Raqqa was required. However, Turkey would not be able to carry this out alone. “The security forces, including the military and intelligence forces, must comprehensively plan this operation. The planning and strategy of this operation must be well thought through and results orientated,” stated ÇavuÅŸoÄŸlu.
The HNC, an opposition group mainly financed by Saudi Arabia which supports armed Islamists in Syria and has long called for the overthrow of the Russian-aligned Assad regime, left no doubt about what it understood by “well thought out” and “results orientated.” The head of the HNC, Riad Hijab, presented a paper for a “transition process,” i.e., the installation of a pro-Western puppet regime in Damascus.
Before Hijab switched to the opposition in August 2012, he was Syrian prime minister and a high-ranking official in Assad’s Baath Party. The German government has maintained close ties to him for some time. Two meetings between Steinmeier and Hijab have already taken place this year, in January and May.
A decisive role in organising the Syrian opposition in Berlin has been played from the outset by the Left Party. Already on November 15, 2013, the party’s foreign policy spokesman, Wolfgang Gehrcke, participated in a “background discussion” organised by the Körber Foundation with Hijab.