Nochixtlán massacre witnesses: Mexican police fired automatic weapons at demonstrators

Neil Hardt

Blockades and protests continued in the Mexican state of Oaxaca yesterday, following Sunday’s police massacre of striking teachers and their supporters in the village of Nochixtlán. In Mexico City, students at the country’s largest college—the National Autonomous University of Mexico—announced a student strike in support of teachers and in opposition to state violence. Demonstrations of hundreds of teachers took place across the country, including in Acapulco, Chiapas, Morelos, Hidalgo, Monterrey, Merida, Veracruz, and Baja California Sur.

Family members of those killed on Sunday held funerals Monday, which drew angry crowds in thousands. Those who were killed were all young, ranging from 19 to 33 years old.

The death toll rose to 11 after three more demonstrators died from gunshot wounds in local hospitals. Only one of those killed was a teacher, the rest were parents, peasants, students and others who joined “the fight in defense of education,” according to the National Education Workers Organization (CNTE).

Eyewitnesses in Nochixtlán are testifying as to what happened on Sunday and are exposing the government’s justifications for the massacre as lies. Yesterday, police officials repeated the charge that demonstrators were to blame for sparking the provocation when nearly 1,000 police descended on a road leading into the town that teachers had blockaded for eight days. Oaxacan governor Gabino Cue alleged that protesters fired on police after taking five policemen prisoner.

Santiago Bautista, a teacher who was present at the demonstration, told Regeneracion news that at roughly 7:30 in the morning the police “all got out of buses, they started to walk toward us and about 70 meters from the bridge they started to shoot, to throw teargas bombs. They didn’t warn us or give any ultimatum, nothing. They came very aggressively.”

After the initial attack, teachers appealed to workers in the impoverished town, many of whom rushed to join the protest upon learning of the police presence. Teachers assert that roughly 5,000 people were gathered near the road when the attack began. Elite police units then began appearing, dressed in camouflage.

“Reinforcements came and a helicopter appeared, flying very low,” Bautista explained. “This was between 10:30 and 11:00 in the morning. Even then we continued to retreat when this group started to shoot…they began to open automatic gun fire directly against us.”

Reports from Nochixtlán also show that the police swept through the town, dragging townspeople away, seemingly at random. According to town residents who issued documentary proof, police broke up a funeral that was unrelated to the demonstrations. Police burst in at roughly 8:30 a.m. yelling “hands on the back of your necks!” The detained were then thrown in a pile in the back of a truck and taken away.

The small town of 13,000 is currently under military rule. The headquarters of the municipal government was burned by angry residents, who also draped a banner over the town’s only ATM machine that reads: “Assassins. Peña Nieto—Gabino Cue—Daniel Cuevas,” referencing the president, the governor of Oaxaca, and the town’s mayor. The banner also reads: “The people of Nochixtlán demand justice. Punish those responsible.”

Fearing the possibility of widespread demonstrations, the administration of President Enrique Peña Nieto announced it would meet leaders of the National Education Workers Organization (CNTE) on Wednesday in Mexico City. The secretary of public education, Aurelio Nuno Mayer, made clear that the government would not negotiate the terms of the right-wing education reform program against which teachers are striking. Wednesday’s meeting will be for the purpose of bringing “peace and tranquility to Oaxaca” through “political dialogue where we will not discuss themes relating to education.”

Nuno added immediately afterwards that this is “a moment of openings for compromise and tolerance. This is the moment, particularly in Oaxaca, for all of us to play our part to put an end to the violence.”

The education secretary’s comments come after the government ordered its police to fire automatic weapons into a crowd of demonstrators who gathered to oppose his attempts to privatize education on behalf of Wall Street and the Mexican capitalist class. The Mexican ruling class’s method for establishing “peace and tranquility” in order to ram through its regressive program is demonstrated in places like Nochixtlán and Ayotzinapa, where 43 disappeared student teachers were likely tortured and murdered for protesting against similar education reform measures.

The US corporate press has largely buried reports of the massacre, and for good reason. The bloodbath in Nochixtlán constitutes a damning indictment of the role played by the United States in Mexico and the impact of the diktats of US banks and corporations.

Speaking in the Oval Office after meeting with Peña Nieto in 2015, President Obama said, “I’ve congratulated President Peña Nieto on some of his structural reforms that I think will unleash even further the enormous potential of the Mexican economy.” In 2014, Obama praised Mexico’s “shared commitment to democratic values and human rights.”

In the case of the Nochixtlán massacre, neither the silence of the US press nor the lies of the Mexican government can quell the growth of the class struggle and the massive popular hostility to the blood-soaked regime of Peña Nieto and the capitalist system that it defends.

New Zealand: Family denounces “cold-blooded execution” by police

Chris Ross

On June 10, New Zealand police officers shot and killed Mike Taylor, 57, on a driveway at his home in Karangahake Gorge, near Paeroa, a town of about 3,900 residents.

The killing is the latest in a series of incidents involving the use of fatal force by police, amid the growing social tensions being generated by the country’s worsening economic crisis. Thirty-one people have been fatally shot by police since 1941, including three last year. In every case so far, the officers involved have not been charged.

Taylor’s partner Natalie Avery said they had had an argument in which Taylor threw a hot cup of coffee at her and she “called police, but I wish I hadn’t.” She told Fairfax Media that Taylor threw a machete and sickle at the police car when it arrived. He then turned his back, put his hands in the air as instructed by police and began to kneel.

Avery claims that while preparing to surrender to police, Taylor was shot “through the heart from behind” in front of her and her 14-year-old daughter Amy. Taylor’s stepson Carlin, 21, was indoors showering. Avery has called for an independent inquiry into what the family calls a “cold-blooded execution.”

Carlin had heard “about five or six shots. I looked outside and saw a cop aiming a rifle. It was an execution.” Amy told the media, “They didn’t even need to taser him—he’d surrendered. He had his hands in the air.”

Waikato Police District Commander Bruce Bird immediately dismissed the family’s account of what happened, telling a press conference that officers “were attacked” by Taylor, who had got “very close.” Bird claimed that the officers, who were not injured, “made the right decision.” He told NewstalkZB that a post mortem on June 11 showed that Taylor was shot as he approached police and not in the back.

The Independent Police Conduct Authority (IPCA) announced it would investigate the shooting. The IPCA only has the power to gather evidence and make recommendations for disciplinary action, not to prosecute police officers, and it has a long record of siding with the police.

Police Association president Greg O’Connor said he was “fully supporting the officers involved in [the] fatal shooting in Paeroa.”

O’Connor, who has repeatedly demanded that police carry guns, asserted that “no one should criticise the judgment” of officers who decide it is necessary to kill. He told NewstalkZB that criticism of shootings was an “unreasonable response” and the public should “accept that police officers... will more and more be having to make these decisions.”

The killing of Taylor follows the shooting last year of David Cerven, a 21-year-old Slovakian national, in Myers Park, Auckland. Police announced in March they would not lay charges against two officers who killed Cerven, an apparently suicidal man who was unarmed.

Last September, police shot and killed 25-year-old Pera Smiler on a street in central Upper Hutt. Witnesses described the shooting as unnecessary. Smiler was armed with a rifle but evidently in a distressed and suicidal state.

As in the United States, where two people are killed by police every day, New Zealand police are being increasingly heavily armed. In 2008 the Labour Party government began arming police with Tasers. Last year Police Commissioner Mike Bush announced that all officers would have access to these extremely painful and dangerous 50,000-volt weapons. Following a decision in 2011, all police vehicles now carry pistols and rifles.

The victims of police violence are typically poor, working class, and often mentally ill.

Avery and Taylor reportedly had no electricity at their property, where they raised horses and cattle. Taylor had been in prison when younger and had had numerous encounters with police. He was involved in a lengthy conflict with the Hauraki District Council over his attempt to block access to a public bicycle trail running through his property.

The Waikato region, including Paeroa, has been hit hard by New Zealand’s economic crisis and there is widespread social distress. In 2012 there were reports of children in the region stealing in order to feed and clothe themselves. In 2013, Paeroa’s official unemployment rate was 12.8 percent (more than double the national rate), and the median annual income was just $19,800 (about $10,000 less than the minimum wage for a full-time worker).

The miserable social conditions in Paeroa have fuelled the growth of criminal gangs, with frequent reports of large-scale “drug bust” operations by police. The town is heavily policed and for several years there has been a night-time curfew for teenagers.

In Waihi, not far from Paeroa, life is just as hard. There have been at least 70 job cuts at the town’s Newmont gold mine since 2012. Over the same period, the Waikato region’s Huntly East coal mine, run by the state-owned Solid Energy, has cut its workforce from 193 to 68 as well as eliminating dozens of contractors.

Chief Coroner Deborah Marshall reported last year that Waikato had the fifth highest suicide rate in the country, with 49 people taking their own lives in 2014–2015 and overall 354 since 2007. Last year a record 564 people took their own lives in New Zealand, according to official statistics.

In rural areas, suicides are often attributed to plummeting prices for dairy products, due to the global downturn. The government has done nothing to protect farmers, who are suffering from soaring levels of debt.

The tragic death of Mike Taylor, and the defence of the shooting by the police hierarchy, must be taken as a warning. The government’s response to the worsening social crisis produced by its policies is to boost the prison system and give the police more weapons and powers. These are the methods that will be used in the future to intimidate and suppress the opposition and resistance of workers to the continual attacks on their living standards.

Deadly heatwave hits US Southwest

Genevieve Leigh

The first official day of summer in the Northern hemisphere brought record temperatures to many parts of the southwestern United States as a massive heat wave settled over the region on Saturday.

The National Weather Service has issued excessive heat warnings and heat advisories across Nevada, Utah, Arizona and southern California, affecting over 40 million people. The extreme temperatures have also played a role in ongoing wildfires throughout the region. Additional wildfires broke out near Los Angeles on Monday and Tuesday, causing emergency evacuations of over 1,000 additional LA residents.

At least 17 records were shattered on Sunday, as temperatures reached 120 degrees Fahrenheit in Yuma, Arizona; 118 degrees in Phoenix, Arizona; and 109 degrees in Burbank, California. However, most places reached their peak temperatures on Monday, when many records were also broken: 121 degrees in Palm Springs, California; 112 degrees in Lancaster, California; and 131 degrees in Death Valley, California.

Reports of fatalities from heat related emergencies in Arizona have begun to surface, with five separate deaths over the weekend, including two people hiking in Pima County, along with a 28-year-old female trainer and a 25-year-old male hiking in Pinal County.

There are undoubtedly more unreported deaths among more vulnerable sections of the population such as the homeless, who have limited resources for staying hydrated and out of the sun during the day. A spokesman for Central Arizona Shelter Services (CASS) reported that “in Maricopa County [where Phoenix, the state’s largest city, is located], the homeless population is 10 times more likely to die from a heat-related illness than the population at large.” CASS also reported there were lines out the door of people waiting to find relief within the air-conditioned walls of their building.

Los Angeles County has over 46,000 homeless people, second only to New York City. Many cities have opened “cooling centers” for the public, but these facilities are not equipped to hold or provide for all those who are in threatening situations, particularly as power outages continue to spread.

Late Sunday and into Monday, thousands of homes were without power, many of which still remain disconnected. The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power alone reported 6,200 customers without electricity as of 9:30 pm Monday night.

The strain on the power grid, due largely to near-record levels of demand by residents seeking to stay cool, was anticipated due to a recent historic natural gas leak that has limited supplies of the fuel used in many power plants. The effects of that man-made disaster, caused by dilapidated infrastructure and inadequate maintenance and inspection, are now producing potentially deadly consequences for thousands of people who are struggling to stay cool without electricity through the triple-digit temperatures.

The response by the state governments to the extreme weather is characterized by unpreparedness and a lack of funding, with no signs of improvement. The recent budget proposal passed by the state legislature in California offers no increase to emergency services despite the current crises.

The extreme temperatures in the Southwest are the result of a meteorological phenomenon referred to as a “heat dome.” This phenomenon occurs when a high-pressure system is formed in the upper atmosphere, forcing hot air back down. These heat domes are frequently deadly. In August 2015, a heat dome resulted in temperatures of up to 165 degrees Fahrenheit in parts of the Middle East, killing dozens and sparking protests.

Many experts are saying that the current heat wave is being exacerbated by the ongoing effects of climate change. According to National Climatic Data Center meteorologist Jake Crouch, heat domes “are expected to happen more often in the future.” He added that the increase in global temperatures due to man-made global warming is the leading contributing factor.

Deaths due to extreme weather are increasingly common in the United States due to decaying infrastructure, the growth of poverty and the ongoing effects of climate change. Last year, according to statistics compiled by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Weather Service, 522 people were killed and 2,143 injured as a result of extreme weather events, which collectively caused more than $4.8 billion in property damage.

Canadian autoworkers face fight against threatened plant closings

Carl Bronski

In statements made to the Detroit Free Press earlier this week, Unifor President Jerry Dias made it clear the union plans to impose another round of concessionary contracts this summer on autoworkers at Canadian plants owned by General Motors, Ford and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA). The labour agreements covering 23,500 GM, Ford and FCA workers expire in mid-September.

At the union’s Auto Council held three weeks ago, 120 officials from Unifor’s national office and auto locals had already signalled that they would place “job security” as the leading priority in the upcoming talks. With no new products assigned and the future of facilities at Ford Windsor, General Motors Oshawa and Brampton Fiat-Chrysler currently unsecured, about one-third of the unionized auto assembly jobs in Canada are threatened. Thousands more workers at supplier plants are also in peril.

“Job security” is the union’s coded language for preparing the membership for more givebacks on wages, benefits and working conditions. Dias declared in his interview with the Free Press that he had “no intention of negotiating economic suicide”. The union will attempt “to bargain some increases in economics,” he claimed, but “it doesn’t matter what your wages are, or your benefits, if you don’t have a plant or a product”.

At a press conference Tuesday Unifor officials outlined their plans to persuade GM to prevent the closure of the Flex and Consolidated facilities at the giant Oshawa GM plant outside of Toronto, which would wipe out 2,600 jobs. Announcing the launching of a “GM Oshawa Matters” campaign, Greg Moffatt, Unifor/GM master bargaining committee chairperson, made it clear this would have nothing to do with mobilising autoworkers throughout Canada and North America to fight GM.

GM Oshawa plant

On the contrary, Moffatt spewed out the same nationalist poison that has divided and weakened autoworkers around the world, while imposing concession after concession in the name of attracting the transnational corporations to invest in Canada. After ranting against GM for shifting production from Canadian plants to the US, Mexico and China, Moffatt pathetically complained that GM was not being fair after all the concessions Unifor and its predecessor, the Canadian Auto Workers, had handed the company.

“To be quite frank, our product, our quality, our productivity, our cost per vehicle is as good as anybody in the world, our taxpayers in the province and in Canada bailed General Motors out, our retirees took huge hits,” Moffatt said. “We haven’t had a raise in nine years, I find it quite frankly insulting General Motors is doing this to the City of Oshawa, we don’t deserve it... let me tell you something right now, we’re not going to stand for it.”

The union officials announced that the union will circulate a petition and present it to the House of Commons to “hold GM accountable to the community when it was supported by the 2009 auto [bailout]”.

The threat to close the plants is an indictment of the entire strategy of the trade union bureaucracy. The unions have imposed a two-tier system in the plants reducing newly hired workers to vastly inferior wages and benefits over a 10-year “grow-in” period. In one contract alone—the 2009 deals renegotiated by the union after it had just signed concession agreements in 2008—givebacks slashed total labour costs by more than $19 per hour.

Of late, Dias has taken to bragging to the auto bosses about the “opportunities” presented to them through the retirement of thousands of veteran workers to be replaced by low-wage new hires.

The threat of plant closings and mass layoffs was also used by the Detroit automakers and the United Auto Workers (UAW) in the United States to weather a near rebellion by US workers and impose contracts that contained labour cost increases below the rate of inflation. Hostile to a struggle to unite US, Canadian and Mexican workers, Unifor is essentially engaged in a competitive struggle with the UAW to impose ever-deeper concessions in the name of “saving” jobs.

Analyses of Detroit Three profits in Canada show that they continue to make money hand over fist. All three companies reported record sales for 2015. Profits increased by 79 percent to almost $2.5 billion, with the pre-tax profit margin the highest recorded since 2000. Despite slower economic growth, profits for 2016 are still projected to come in at over $2 billion.

GM workers have noted that, unlike previous periods where new model projects are planned, no feasibility studies have been undertaken by the company raising the spectre of wholesale plant closures. The Oshawa complex, in operation since 1907 and once one of the largest assembly facilities in the world, faces the prospect that production on the Consolidated Line will cease in 2017 with the possibility of closure of all remaining work by 2019.

In a statement on Tuesday, GM’s Carlisle signalled that rationalization plans are on the table, not only for GM but also at Fiat-Chrysler and Ford. “The manufacturing headwinds that we have all been navigating in North America are well-understood—including assembly over-capacity, shifting market demand, trade patterns and economic competitiveness”.

Workers at FCA's Brampton plant

When asked by reporters if workers will be willing to strike, Moffat said, “you got that figured out”. Of course, the strong willingness of Oshawa workers to strike is in inverse proportion to the record of the union bureaucracy when faced with previous plant closures. Unifor did not lift a finger when 1,000 jobs were transferred out of Oshawa last year and shifted to a Lansing, Michigan facility.

Unifor’s refusal to fight those Oshawa job cuts should come as no surprise to the thousands of members who have lost their jobs as a result of plant closures and downsizing. In a watershed dispute in 2012, the CAW blocked strike action against the closure of the Caterpillar plant in London, Ontario, and urged workers there to accept severance packages.

In 2010, the last GM plant closed in Windsor, Ontario. When the announcement of the closure was made in 2008, then-union head Buzz Hargrove blustered about strike action to an angry membership whilst quietly moving into discussions with the company for an “orderly shutdown”. Workers were quickly demobilized and the plant closed without incident.

When auto parts plants throughout southern Ontario were closed in the wake of the 2008-2009 economic crisis, CAW officials played an active role in disbanding several plant occupations launched by militant workers. Indeed, it was Jerry Dias that was dispatched to spearhead the suppression of those struggles.

GM workers in Oshawa will remember the antics of the CAW leadership in 2008 at the soon to be moth-balled truck plant. As workers marched through the city seething with outrage, CAW President Buzz Hargrove counselled against action on the shop floor, instead diverting the anger of the membership into a short-lived photo-op “blockade” of GM headquarters.

Union officials continue to lobby the Ontario and federal governments to provide grants to the auto companies. Earlier this month, the Ontario Liberal government of Kathleen Wynne handed over $85 million (CDN) to Fiat-Chrysler for its booming mini-van operation in Windsor (despite the company welching on paying back $1.5 billion in 2009 bailout relief).

In 2009, the Ontario and federal governments ponied up $13.9 billion in bailout funds to boost the stock values of the Detroit Three. Although shareholders over the ensuing years have reaped rich dividends, an Ontario Auditor-Generals report in 2014 noted that “it was impossible for us to gain a complete picture of the assistance provided, the difference the assistance made to the viability of the companies, and the amounts recovered and lost.”

Autoworkers can place no faith in Unifor to save jobs, let alone defend ever-diminishing wages, benefits and working conditions. A fight to defend jobs and living standards requires the formation of rank-and-file factory committees to unite autoworkers, not only across auto plants in Canada, but also in the US, Mexico and internationally in a common struggle against the corporations and the unions, which function as junior partners of the auto bosses. We encourage readers of the World Socialist Web Site and the Autoworker Newsletter in the plants to step up their efforts to build resistance and to share information and their comments with us for dissemination among autoworkers throughout North America.

UN agency reports 65 million people are refugees worldwide

Martin Kreickenbaum

The number of people around the globe displaced by war, armed conflict and persecution at the end of 2015 was higher than ever before. A report titled Global Trends, published on World Refugee Day by the UNHCR, counted 65.3 million displaced persons, the first time it has surpassed 60 million since the collection of figures began in 1951.

Compared to the previous year, the number of people forced to flee rose by 5.8 million. Compared to 2011, when the UN refugee agency reported a new record of 42.5 million, the number has risen by more than 50 percent.

Although the document fails to name those responsible for this global humanitarian crisis, it demonstrates very clearly the extent of the suffering and persecution caused by the continuous wars waged by the US and its Western European allies over the past two-and-a-half decades in the name of human rights and combatting terrorism.

According to the UNHCR, 12.4 million people were forced to flee their homes last year, of which 8.6 million sought refuge within their own countries and are now dependent on aid to survive as internally displaced people. Every minute, 24 people were driven from their homes, or 34,000 per day.

The number forced to flee from persecution, armed conflict, rampant violence or human rights violations surpassed the population of Britain or France. A fictional “nation of refugees” would come in 21st place in a list of the states with the largest populations. Today, one out of every 113 people is either an asylum seeker, internally displaced or a refugee.

In each of the categories into which the UN divides refugees, new tragic records were reached. Internally displaced people now number 40.8 million; there are 3.2 million waiting on the outcome of asylum applications and 21.3 million were forced to flee their country of origin as refugees. More than half of all refugees are children and young people. The number of unaccompanied children seeking asylum as refugees has trebled to 98,000.

A list of the main countries of origin for refugees sheds a stark light on the crimes of the imperialist powers, which have laid waste to wide areas of the Middle East, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Central Africa, thereby provoking the global refugee crisis.

By financing and providing military support to Islamist forces, the US encouraged the outbreak of a civil war in Syria in 2011 which created the conditions for the establishment of ISIS. Together with the US-led air strikes on ISIS militias, which in turn treat the local population with brutality, the war for regime change has forced more than 11.6 million people to flee in the past five years. Out of a total population of 20 million, every second Syrian is a refugee.

From Afghanistan, where the US led a military invasion in 2001 as part of a “war on terror” that destroyed large areas of the country, 2.7 million people fled across the country’s borders and 1.2 million have become internally displaced. The war in Iraq has to date forced 4.9 million from their homes, the majority of which are cared for internally by the UNHCR.

The UN report focused in particular on the rapidly worsening situation in Yemen. Within a year, almost 10 percent of the population has been forced to flee. Around 2.5 million are internally displaced, while 169,900 have fled abroad. The reason for this is the war waged by Saudi Arabia, the United States’ closest ally in the region. After Houthi rebels overthrew the Saudi and US-backed President Abed Rabbo Mansur Hadi in January 2015, Saudi Arabia intervened with air strikes and ground troops, resulting in the deaths of at least 6,000 civilians.

This intervention was not only given the full backing of the US government, it was carried out with participation and support of the Pentagon. US President Barack Obama had previously vastly expanded the drone war in Yemen, subjecting the impoverished population to criminal air strikes.

Another major source of global refugees is Central Africa, where, along with the US, it is above all the European powers who have acted militarily in the name of “humanitarian interventions” to secure important supplies of raw materials and markets.

The UNHRC counted 4 million refugees and internally displaced people from Sudan, 2.5 million from South Sudan, 2.4 million from Somalia, 2.9 million from the Democratic Republic of Congo, 1 million from the Central African Republic, 2.4 million from Nigeria, 475,000 from Eritrea, 450,000 from Libya and 280,000 from Mali.

The coup in Ukraine orchestrated by the US and Germany, which brought fascistic forces to power, forced almost 2 million people to leave their homes. Above all as a result of the separatist war in the east of the country, which was a direct product of the coup, 1.6 million people have been forced to flee internally.

But while the imperialist powers have caused the global refugee crisis, they are doing virtually nothing to accommodate and care for the refugees. According to the UNHCR report, 86 percent of the 21.3 million refugees have sought protection in low and middle income countries directly bordering conflict regions. In the least developed countries, 4.2 million refugees were accepted.

Top of the list for accommodating refugees is Turkey, where 2.5 million are struggling to survive. However, Turkey, as the border guard for Fortress Europe, has already closed its border to Syrian refugees. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that at least 60 Syrian refugees have been shot on the Turkish border since the beginning of the year.

There are 1.1 million refugees are living in Lebanon, which has a population of 4 million, 1.6 million in Pakistan, 1 million in Iran, 750,000 in Ethiopia and 700,000 in Jordan.

“More people are being displaced by war and persecution and that’s worrying in itself, but the factors that endanger refugees are multiplying too,” said UN High Commissioner for Refugees Filippo Grand. “At sea, a frightening number of refugees and migrants are dying each year; on land, people fleeing war are finding their way blocked by closed borders.”

Grandi was concerned above all with calls to abandon the Geneva Refugee Convention, which are mainly being raised within the EU. For this, he blamed racist agitation by governments and the media.

This contrasted, Grandi said, with the widespread willingness to help among the population, which is resisting the persistent xenophobia.

“In contrast to the toxic narrative repeatedly played out in the media, we have often witnessed an outpouring of generosity; by host communities, by individuals, and by families opening their homes,” Grandi said. “These ordinary people see refugees not as beggars, competitors for jobs, or terrorists, but as people like you or me whose lives have been disrupted by war. Their simple acts of solidarity are going on around the world, every day.”

Grandi ultimately appealed to the “international community of states” to increase financial support as well as the willingness to accept refugees. But it is precisely the aggressive foreign policy of the imperialist powers, and their strict closed border policy which is producing misery for refugees.

Landmark Supreme Court ruling backs illegal police searches

Tom Hall

On Monday, the Supreme Court voted 5-3 that evidence obtained by unlawful tactics by police may be admissible in court. The is the furthest the highest US judicial body has ever gone in undermining the basic protection against “unreasonable searches and seizures” granted by the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution, a core element of the Bill of Rights.

The ruling provides a blank check for police to arbitrarily stop and search a motorist or pedestrian without probable cause, so long as they discover afterwards that the person was one of millions of Americans with an outstanding warrant for something as minor as a traffic ticket. The ruling will result in a massive expansion of illegal stops and searches by police nationwide.

The case, Utah v Strieff, hinged upon the actions of Salt Lake City police officer Douglass Fackrell in a 2006 narcotics arrest. Acting on the basis of an anonymous tip, Fackrell staked out a house that was suspected of being used for drug sales, watching it over the course of a week. When this did not produce any evidence, Fackrell decided to question the next person he saw exiting the building, which happened to be Edward Strieff.

Fackrell detained Strieff, despite not having any reason to single him out, making the stop an illegal abuse of power. The policeman radioed in a search for outstanding warrants. When the search turned up a traffic violation, Fackrell arrested and searched Strieff, finding a small bag of methamphetamines.

Since the early years of the Warren Court (the period when Earl Warren was chief justice) more than half a century ago, such evidence has been considered inadmissible in court under the “exclusionary rule,” which prohibits the use of evidence obtained by police illegally. This, in turn, is based upon the Fourth Amendment, which reads: “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.”

Fackrell’s actions were considered so blatantly illegal under this precedent that the Utah Supreme Court voted unanimously in Strieff’s favor, suppressing the drug evidence.

What is remarkable about the Supreme Court’s ruling is that it does not contest the illegality of the initial stop by Fackrell. Rather, in the opinion written by Clarence Thomas, the majority concludes that the evidence obtained by Fackrell was admissible because it was obtained after Fackrell radioed in for Strieff’s outstanding warrants. Thomas and his colleagues argue that Fackrell’s actions did not constitute “purposeful or flagrant” misconduct, so the evidence obtained by him in the subsequent search should be admissible in court.

“Officer Fackrell was at most negligent, but his errors in judgment hardly rise to a purposeful or flagrant violation of Strieff’s Fourth Amendment rights,” Thomas blithely asserts. “After the unlawful stop, his conduct was lawful, and there is no indication that his stop was part of any systemic or recurrent police misconduct.” The ruling effectively nullifies the long-established “fruit of the poisonous tree” doctrine, according to which evidence obtained as the result of illegal activity of the police is inadmissible in court.

It is significant that Justice Stephen Breyer, a Clinton appointee and a member of the court’s “liberal” bloc, cast the deciding vote in this case. It is a further demonstration of the shift to the right of the entire political establishment, within which there is no longer any significant constituency for core democratic rights. Scarcely four months after the death of Antonin Scalia, the long-time leader of the right-wing faction on the court, the dismantling of democratic rights by the Supreme Court continues unabated.

Justice Sonia Sotomayor, an Obama appointee, wrote an unusually sharp dissenting opinion that raises the essential democratic issues posed by the majority’s opinion, which she said provides police with “incentive to violate the Constitution.” She was joined only in part by the other two dissenting justices, Elena Kagan and Ruth Bader Ginsburg, who wrote their own opinions.

“Do not be soothed by the [majority] opinion’s technical language,” Sotomayor warned. “This case allows the police to stop you on the street, demand your identification, and check it for outstanding traffic warrants—even if you are doing nothing wrong. If the officer discovers a warrant for a fine you forgot to pay, courts will now excuse his illegal stop and will admit into evidence anything he happens to find by searching you after arresting you on the warrant.”

She pointed out, “The states and federal government maintain databases with over 7.8 million outstanding warrants, the vast majority of which appear to be for minor offenses,” which, after this ruling, can now be seized on to carry out searches without reasonable suspicion.

Sotomayor continued, “this case tells everyone, white and black, guilty and innocent, that an officer can verify your legal status at any time. It says that your body is subject to invasion while courts excuse the violation of your rights. It implies that you are not a citizen of a democracy but the subject of a carceral state, just waiting to be cataloged.”

Readers who consult one of the larger English dictionaries will find that “carceral” means “pertaining to prisons or a prison.” Sotomayor chose to use a deliberately obscure word to dilute the impact of what she was acknowledging: the Supreme Court ruling is appropriate to a police state, not a democracy.

Sotomayor is not an oppositional figure, but a time-tested defender of the political establishment. During her tenure as an appellate judge in New York, she handed down numerous rulings bolstering the arbitrary powers of the police. The fact that she feels compelled to denounce the decision of her colleagues in such stark terms should be taken as a warning of the willingness of broad layers of the political establishment to dispense with democratic forms of rule.

On eve of Brexit referendum, mounting warnings of global trade war

Andre Damon

On the eve of Thursday’s referendum on the United Kingdom’s membership in the European Union (EU), an event that threatens to substantially destabilize the world economy, the World Trade Organization (WTO) has warned that protectionism is on the rise as world trade stagnates.

The threat by Britain to leave the EU is only the most visible expression of growing tendencies toward economic nationalism and autarchy, expressed in the rise of right-wing nationalist politicians such as Donald Trump in the United States, Nigel Farage in Britain, Marine Le Pen in France, and similar figures in other countries.

On Tuesday, the WTO said in a report that between October 2015 and May 2016, members of the G20 group of leading industrialized nations implemented new protectionist measures at the fastest rate since the WTO began keeping records in 2009.

During this period, the WTO stated, the G20 economies applied “145 new trade-restrictive measures, equating to an average of almost 21 new measures per month.” This was “a significant increase compared to the previous reporting period at 17 per month.”

Source: World Trade Organization

As a result, the total number of trade-restrictive measures in place in the G20 economies grew by 10 percent over the period under review. The total number of trade restrictions currently in place in these economies stands at 1,196, up from 324 in mid-October 2010. Only 20 percent of trade barriers created since 2008 have been eliminated after their implementation.

The report points to a stark discontinuity in the relationship of world trade growth to economic growth between the periods before and after the financial crisis. In the post-2008 period, the growth of trade has averaged just over half of its pre-2008 level. The WTO noted: “The slow pace of trade growth relative to GDP growth over the past four years stands in contrast to the period from 1990 to 2008, during which merchandise trade grew 2.1 times as fast as world GDP on average.”

World trade plunged in 2015, led by a fall in commodity prices and export volatility. The report explained, “The dollar value of world trade fell sharply in 2015 and remained down around 13 percent year-on-year through the fourth quarter.”

Source: World Trade Organization

The tendencies toward economic nationalism are likely to intensify as a result of what a growing number of economists are beginning to warn could be an essentially indefinite period of economic slump.

Earlier this year, Maurice Obstfeld, chief economist at the International Monetary Fund, warned that the “increasingly disappointing” world economy was threatened by a “synchronised slowdown” amid the threat of another financial meltdown and mounting protectionism. “Across Europe the political consensus that once propelled the European project is fraying,” with a “rising tide of inward-looking nationalism,” he warned.

“One manifestation is the real possibility that the United Kingdom exits the European Union, damaging a wide range of trade and investment relationships,” Obstfeld said, adding, “In other advanced countries as in Europe, including in the United States, a backlash against cross-border economic integration threatens to halt or even reverse the postwar trend of ever more open trade.”

In comments before the US Senate on Tuesday, Federal Reserve Chairwoman Janet Yellen reiterated her concerns, which she first raised earlier this month, that the ongoing tendencies toward economic slump might continue indefinitely. “We cannot rule out the possibility expressed by some prominent economists that the slow productivity growth seen in recent years will continue in the future,” she said.

She also warned of the repercussions of a decision by Britain to leave the EU, saying such an outcome could trigger a sell-off in financial markets and even posed the possibility of a recession in the United States.

The vast majority of the new anti-trade measures have taken the form of “anti-dumping” cases, in which the countries implementing anti-trade measures accuse other countries of intentionally selling products below market rates. Some 40 percent of those cases have targeted metals, primarily steel.

Last month, the US Commerce Department announced it would impose duties of as much as 500 percent on Chinese steel, beginning as soon as this summer, after concluding that Chinese steel companies were “dumping” their products onto US markets.

Global overcapacity in the steel industry has led to massive global layoffs, including the effective halting of production in Britain with the closure of Tata Steel’s operations in that country. Earlier this year, China announced 500,000 layoffs in the steel industry and 1.3 million in the related coal industry.

This month, the US approved a case by US Steel, the country’s biggest steel producer, seeking a ban on steel imports from its Chinese competitors, this time using alleged attempts by Chinese companies to steal commercial secrets as a pretense.

The case points to the very real possibility that the next US president could ban all steel imports from China, a move that would have enormous economic and geopolitical consequences. Simon Evenett, a professor of international trade at the University of St. Gallen in Switzerland, told the Financial Times, “This should be setting off alarm bells… It is really a nuclear option.”

The collapse of world trade and the rise of protectionism are widely believed by economists to have been major contributors to the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 is believed to have contributed to slashing US exports and imports by more than half.

In the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, G20 members pledged not to repeat what they saw as the mistakes of the 1930s and to avoid responding to slowing growth by enacting trade-war measures. But amid an ongoing and deepening economic slump and worldwide overcapacity, combined with mounting political opposition and social struggles by the working class—the tendencies that prevailed in the 1930s—all of the world’s capitalist economies are increasingly turning to the promotion of militarism, rabid nationalism and right-wing economic populism.

In the 1930s, the rise of economic protectionism, under conditions of an insoluble economic crisis, became the antechamber of World War II. Today, the same conditions increasingly prevail throughout the world. International institutions created in the post-war period to counter the tendencies toward national autarchy and inter-imperialist conflict, including the European Union, are falling apart at the seams. This trend, regardless the outcome of this week’s EU referendum, will only increase in the coming years, as the tendencies that have dominated the post-2008 period—economic slump, financial parasitism and the growth of economic nationalism—intensify.

Ultimately, as in the 1930s, these tendencies, rooted in the internal contradictions of the capitalist nation-state system, have no peaceful resolution. They are at the root of the continual military provocations by the United States against Russia and China, as well as the virulent growth of militarism in countries that played a leading role in World War II such as Germany and Japan.

There is a New Symphony at Play

Vijay Shankar

Change, more often than not, is driven by circumstances rather than scholastic deliberation. As President Obama once put it, perhaps as an unintended barb to the legions of geopolitical seers that stalk Massachusetts Avenue, Washington DC, “Change doesn’t come from Washington but comes to Washington.” So it was with Prime Minister Modi’s three-day state visit to the US (6-8 June 2016). Not only did the visit lay the foundation to several strategic goals mutual to both sides, but it was also punctuated by symbolism that provides a basis for the future. When Modi suggested stepping out of the “shadows of hesitations of the past” he could not have stated in more unequivocal terms that India’s strategic orientation was now one that not only respected the status quo, but also would contribute towards ensuring that attempts to upset it would not go unchallenged.

At the same time, laying a floral wreath at Arlington Cemetery to the Tomb of the Unknowns (a first for an Indian PM), on the face of it, was an unconditional tribute to that one unquestioning instrument of state power who historically has laid down his all for a national cause. Underlying the salute was recognition of the role played by the military in binding and stabilising an uncertain security milieu.

Alfred Thayer Mahan in The Influence of Sea Power upon History underscored three prescient perspectives relating to the Global Commons. First, competition for materials and markets is intrinsic to an ever trussed global system. Second, the nature of commerce on the one hand deters war, while on the other engenders friction. Third, the Commons require to be secured against hegemony, disruption and rapacious exploitation. These perspectives today ring a reality whose significance has not been lost on the PM.

Mr Modi’s understanding of contemporary dynamics in the Global Commons and the need to balance out China’s objectives of hegemonic control through strategic security partnerships is adroit. The Global Commons typically describes international and supranational resource domains. It includes the earth’s shared resources, such as the oceans, the atmosphere, outer space and the polar regions. Cyberspace also meets current discernment. It is hardly coincident that it is in these very domains that China has shown aggressive intent. The current distressed state of the Commons is marked by the impact that globalisation has had: strains of multi-polarity, anarchy of expectations and increasing tensions between demands for economic integration and stresses of fractured political divisions are all symptoms. Nations are persistently confronted by the need to reconcile internal pressures with intrusive external impulses at a time when the efficacy of military power to bring on positive political outcomes is in question. While most nations have sought resolution and correctives within the framework of the existing international order, China emerges as an irony that has angled for and conspired to re-write the rule book. The PM’s statement to Congress that it was only strong Indo-US ties that could anchor security in the Indian Pacific Region left little to speculate what direction relations were taking and the extent of mutuality that was perceived in the Logistic Support Agreement (LSA) being fleshed out. Not only is India preparing for strategic collaboration with the US, but it is buttressing its posture in the Indo-Pacific through multilateral cooperation with ASEAN. All this must be seen as its intent to institutionalise its presence in the waters of the Indo-Pacific.

Critics, both in the developed and indeed in the developing world, maintain that scripting an international security relationship with the US flies in the face of autonomy in global affairs. In response one only has to note the transformed conditions of the world order of the day which is far removed from that which existed between the post-World War II era to the end of the Cold War. Uncertainties of events and their multi-faceted impact reflect the new substance of increased global interdependence in every field of endeavour. Whether these fields are in the economic, political or security domains, corollary imperatives are interlinked at the national, regional and international levels.

Latest reports in the run-up to the plenary session of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) to be held at Seoul on 24 June 2016 suggest that the US and Russia along with most other member countries (total 48) have expressed support for India’s admission to the Group largely as a result of three considerations: India’s clean track record of non-proliferation; US and Russian along with majority support; and the lure of commercial gain. But China is resisting admission on the basis of a curious principle – that before any decision is taken about India’s membership, the NSG needs to agree on equitable and non-discriminatory criteria for membership of those countries that are nuclear weapon states (for “those countries” read Pakistan), but are not signatories of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). China argues that if any exception to the conditions for admission is to be made, then it should apply equally to both India and Pakistan. As a counter argument, accession to the NPT is not a criterion for membership — France was not a member of the NPT until 1992 though it was a founder member of the NSG in 1975. On the second rule condition — a good non-proliferation record; India has a better history than some of the NSG members. Particularly China, given membership in 2004, has debatably the most dubious proliferation record whether it is their dealings with Pakistan or North Korea. For that matter, equating the Indian and Pakistani applications for membership, as China has done, is disingenuous. India has never had a state-sponsored AQ Khan nuclear black-market network extending from Libya to North Korea nor sold nuclear technology to third parties. For China to have overlooked all this including the fact that, as Modi put it to the US Congress, all global terrorism is “incubated” in India’s neighbourhood (meaning Pakistan), must speak of China’s own credibility within the group.

What are the stakes involved? For India, the logical sequel to the Indo-US civil nuclear agreement of 2008 and the concomitant NSG waiver followed by entry into the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) is membership of the NSG; gives legitimacy to nuclear aspirations and unimpeded access to technology. However, will China’s stonewalling work? Given the circumstances that China finds itself in, clearly not for long.

Even the prolific realist that Walt Whitman was would agree that “now that the orchestra have sufficiently tuned their instruments and the baton has given the signal to play;” Modi’s addendum that it “was best that a new symphony be played” is most appropriate.

World Bank Scholarships for Women Entrepreneurs in Nigeria 2016

Application Deadline: 31st July, 2016

Offered annually? Yes

Eligible Countries: Nigeria

To be taken at (country): Nigeria

Brief description: The World Bank is awarding Scholarship to Female Entrepreneurs in Nigeria to learn at the Enterprise Development Centre.

Eligible Field of Study: None

About the Award: The Enterprise Development Centre, Pan- Atlantic University in collaboration with The World Bank if offering women entrepreneurs in Nigeria the opportunity to learn further about the business playing field through online and in-class training. Participants will also be given the join a solid female entrepreneurs network where they can be mentored.

Type: Entrepreneurship

Selection Criteria: Selection criteria will be as follows:

A. Company must be owned / managed by a woman

B. Should be a functional business (at least 6 months in operation)

C. The Enterprise must have high growth potential

D. High local content will be an advantage

Number of Awardees: Several

Value of Programme: 

• Provide practical Business Education through a blended learning approach (online and in- class training)
• Help strengthen Female Entrepreneurs network
• Offer Mentoring
• Create linkages between financial institutions and Female Entrepreneurs.

Duration of Scholarship: Not stated

How to Apply: Interested candidates can apply here

Visit Scholarship Webpage for details

Award Provider: Pan Atlantic University, The World Bank Group

Important Notes: Interested candidates are encouraged to apply as soon as possible.

Brexit, the EU and the Future of Britain: the Main Enemy Resides Here, Not in Brussels

John Wight

There are times when the truth is not enough and only the unvarnished truth will do. We have arrived at such a time just days away from the EU referendum on June 23^rd.

The unvarnished truth when it comes to the campaign for Britain’s exit from the European Union, Brexit, is that it has unleashed the ugly forces of right wing extremism, racism, xenophobia and British nationalism in a society that had allowed itself to grow complacent when it came to the aforementioned, doing so in the mistaken belief that common human decency was as British as Big Ben; in other words in the belief it could not happen here.

Recent horrific events reveal that it can and has happened here.

Over the past few months of the Brexit campaign we have borne witness to a scapegoating and demonization of migrants by mainstream politicians and right wing newspaper columnists reminiscent of the way Jews were scapegoated and demonized in Germany in the 1930s, and on the same grounds – i.e. they pose a threat to our way of life; they hold alien cultural beliefs and practices; their values are at odds with our values.

This scapegoating has been so intense, so vehement, it has raised the political temperature to the point where an elected MP who dared raise her voice in solidarity with migrants and for Britain’s continuing membership of the EU was murdered in the street in broad daylight in an act of right wing extremism and terrorism, reminiscent of the way democratically elected politicians were murdered in Germany in the 1930s, depicted as ‘traitors’ from the vantage point of the swamp in which fascism swims.

It is important to understand that the economic and social conditions that existed in depression-ravaged Germany back then have been replicated in Britain and across Europe today on the back of an economic recession compounded by the implementation of austerity, which has been tantamount to a mass experiment in human despair. This recession and resulting Tory austerity have combined to leave millions impoverished, marginalised, angry and fearful, thus perfect fodder for the kind of right wing populism and demagoguery that has underpinned a campaign that has been an insult to common human decency never mind the nation’s collective intelligence.

Without the horrific murder of Labour’s Jo Cox, UKIP leader Nigel Farage’s obscene anti-immigration poster should automatically have marked the point of no return for a Brexit campaign that has from the outset been predicated on exploiting the impact of austerity by politicians who have been among its biggest champions, inferring that the huge pressure brought to bear on the nation’s public services, on the social and private housing sector, and on the NHS is due to immigration rather than the extreme cuts to public spending and investment that have taken place.

As much as the EU needs to be reformed in the interests of its citizens rather than big business and the financial sector, it has been a last line of defense against a Tory establishment that would relish nothing more than to pull Britain out of the European Convention on Human Rights, a statutory requirement of EU membership, and get rid of the progressive legislation that we presently enjoy via the EU on workers’ rights and protections, maternity leave, paid holidays, consumer protection, and the environment. And this is without taking into the account the harm it would do to the economy in terms of investment, exports, jobs, and the value of sterling.

But these issues are trifling compared to the main one, which is the worrying emergence and normalisation of far right nostrums and the ‘othering’ of migrants, minorities, and asylum seekers. It is a toxic brew that has gained traction on the back the growing anger of the millions who have been battered materially, psychologically, and spiritually by a Tory government in whose control the economy has been wielded as a sword to punish the poor and the vulnerable instead of a held up as a shield to protect them from circumstances and factors beyond their control.

A vote to Remain on June 23^rd is now a vote for hope rather than despair, for progress rather than regress. It is a vote against the politics of division and hate, against scapegoating and in defiance of a base tribalism that offers the country nothing apart from apartness.

We can no longer delude ourselves that racism is a marginal phenomenon in Britain. It is not. Indeed, it would be hard to recall a time when it has been more prevalent than now. This is not to accuse everyone who supports Brexit of racism, of course not. It is, however, a campaign in which racism has been afforded the opportunity to grow and incubate in a way it has not in living memory.

Warning of the danger of lapsing into complacency when it came to the possibility of fascism re-emerging after its defeat in the Second World War, German playwright Bertolt Brecht wrote: “The womb from which this monster emerged remains fertile.”

How those words resonate now, today, in Britain seven decades later.

My vote on June 23^rd will not be cast as a vote for the EU; it will be cast as a vote against Brexit and the ugliness it represents and has unleashed.

The main enemy does not reside in Brussels. The main enemy resides right here at home.

Children Pay the Highest Price for the Refugee Crisis

Cesar Chelala

The world is witness to a rapid increase in the number of people forced to flee from wars, conflict and persecution in countries such as Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan. It is estimated that approximately half of the 19.5 million registered refugees at a global level are children and youth. They are the most vulnerable victims of these conflicts.

The case of Syria is paradigmatic. Three years of conflict have turned Syria into one of the most dangerous places to be a child, according to UNICEF. Out of a population of 21.9 million, more than 9 million are under 18.  It is estimated that 5.5 million children are affected by the conflict, a number that is almost double from the year before. More than 4.29 million children inside Syria are poor, displaced or caught in the line of fire.

International aid organizations have been doing a remarkable job helping the population of countries affected by wars. However, only in Syria, one million children are living in areas that aid workers cannot reach regularly, thus depriving them of vital support. More than a third of Syrian families are no longer living in their own homes or communities, seriously affecting their health and quality of life.

As a result of the fall in immunization rates –from 99 percent before the war to less than 50 percent now -polio has reemerged in Syria, after a 14-year absence. At the same time, doctors report an increase in the number and severity of cases of measles, pneumonia and diarrhea. In response to the polio outbreak, UNICEF, the World Health Organization (WHO) and health ministries in the region have launched the largest immunization campaign in the region’s history, targeting more than 25 million children.

The capacity of the country’s health care system to provide assistance to the population has been seriously affected. Many doctors and health personnel have either been killed or have left the country. 60 percent of the public hospitals have been damaged or are out of service.

Many times, militants bomb health care facilities, wait for first responders and emergency crews to come in and then strike again, thus maximizing the impact of their attacks. On April 27, 2016, the Al Quds field hospital in Aleppo was hit by an airstrike. It killed 30 people, including 2 health workers, and injured 60 people, completely destroying the facility.

Dr. Abdo El Ezz, an Aleppo physician says, “The war in Syria has violated and destroyed anything called “agreements” or “an agreement” or “human rights” or anything humanitarian…Hospitals are looking for coffins because people are pouring in, some are completely burned and soon die. We need to bury them…Some people wish to die so they can finally rest and not live in constant terror and see constant destruction.”

An estimated 37,000 children have been born as refugees and over 83,000 Syrian pregnant women are living as refugees in Lebanon and Jordan, placing a heavy burden on those countries health and social systems. For example, Lebanon is planning for 600,000 schoolchildren this year –twice the number currently enrolled.

Syrian children refugees are at very high risk for mental illness and have poor access to education. In the Za’atari refugee camp in Jordan, for example, one third of all children displayed aggressive and self-harm behaviors. According to Europol, Europe’s policy agency, more than 10,000 thousand unaccompanied refugee and migrant children have disappeared, raising fears they are being exploited and used for sex.

The Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) rate among Syrian refugee children is comparable to that observed among other children who experienced war. A study by the Migration Policy Institute shows that refugee children who are not formally educated are more likely to feel marginalized and hopeless, making them probable targets for radicalization.

What is experienced by Syrian children is also experienced by refugee children coming from other countries such as Afghanistan and Iraq. Few people have expressed as poignantly as James Fenton the tragic fate of these children. In his poem “Children in Exile” Fenton writes,

‘What I am is not important, whether I live or die –

It is the same for me, the same for you.

What we do is important. This is what I have learnt.

It is not what we are but what we do,’

Says a child in exile, one of a family

Once happy in its size. Now there are four

Students of calamity, graduates of famine,

Those whom geography condemns to war…’